Free Essays on Tupac Vs. Biggie

During the 60’s and 70’s, blacks were struggling for civil rights, and equal opportunities. In the late 60’s a movement was formed â€Å"The Black Panthers† called for the reform of American society to achieve social, political, and economic equality, based on principles of socialism. The political party shock up the 60’s, tired of police brutality and uncivil treatment as human beings. Heuy P. Newton and Booby Seale formed a Party in Oakland, California. The movement gained political attention and migrated around America. The Panthers patrolled the black communities with symbolic berets, firearms, black hats, and black leather jackets. They were recognized as militant and courageous Afro-American Nationalist. (Panther, (1995) Dir. Mario Peebles with Kadeem Hardison, Courtney Vance) The members expanded their services: providing free breakfast for children, clothes, and funded education for poor children. By the end of the year, the Panthers set up kitchens in cities across the nation, feeding over 10,000 children every day before they went to school. During this political movement hundreds of the Panthers were killed by the FBI, and county policemen. The Panthers efficiently eliminated by the FBI, majority went to jail for crimes that were made up, others were killed execution style. Some of the Panthers still remain Political Prisoner’s, some are professors at University, and others became a victim to drug addiction. One of the most popular drugs was crack cocaine. Crack sabotaged the black communities, in which the Panthers struggled to liberate. (marxists.org/history/usa/workers/black-panthers/) In April 1969, the Panther 21 case, a jury acquitted New York Party members who has been charged with arson, conspiracy, and attempted murder, for allegedly plotting police assassinations and attempting to blow up public buildings. One of the Panther 21’s was Afeni Shakur. Afeni Shakur joined the political Party ... Free Essays on Tupac Vs. Biggie Free Essays on Tupac Vs. Biggie During the 60’s and 70’s, blacks were struggling for civil rights, and equal opportunities. In the late 60’s a movement was formed â€Å"The Black Panthers† called for the reform of American society to achieve social, political, and economic equality, based on principles of socialism. The political party shock up the 60’s, tired of police brutality and uncivil treatment as human beings. Heuy P. Newton and Booby Seale formed a Party in Oakland, California. The movement gained political attention and migrated around America. The Panthers patrolled the black communities with symbolic berets, firearms, black hats, and black leather jackets. They were recognized as militant and courageous Afro-American Nationalist. (Panther, (1995) Dir. Mario Peebles with Kadeem Hardison, Courtney Vance) The members expanded their services: providing free breakfast for children, clothes, and funded education for poor children. By the end of the year, the Panthers set up kitchens in cities across the nation, feeding over 10,000 children every day before they went to school. During this political movement hundreds of the Panthers were killed by the FBI, and county policemen. The Panthers efficiently eliminated by the FBI, majority went to jail for crimes that were made up, others were killed execution style. Some of the Panthers still remain Political Prisoner’s, some are professors at University, and others became a victim to drug addiction. One of the most popular drugs was crack cocaine. Crack sabotaged the black communities, in which the Panthers struggled to liberate. (marxists.org/history/usa/workers/black-panthers/) In April 1969, the Panther 21 case, a jury acquitted New York Party members who has been charged with arson, conspiracy, and attempted murder, for allegedly plotting police assassinations and attempting to blow up public buildings. One of the Panther 21’s was Afeni Shakur. Afeni Shakur joined the political Party ...

Bose Ads essays

Bose Ads essays The Bose speaker ads have been known for their tremendous reputation. Matching up in Bose's price range for the same product in a different brand will show a lot of differences and similarities. They look much better than any other speakers by being stylish, compact, and also by having a natural color which portrays the elegance of the speakers. The ads accomplishment in engaging its viewers is due, in part, to its numerous convincing strategies and techniques. The Lifestyle system from Bose is one of the most innovative home theater speakers ever created. They have been known for their small size and room filling sound. The colors of the speakers in these ads always seem to match the vibe of any room. One of the main features this system has is an ADAPTiQ audio calibration system. This means that the actual speakers adjust themselves to the room to deliver a surround sound that you have never felt before. Another system by Bose is the 321 GS system. This system looks more reliable and just plain easy just by looking at the ad. Having only two speakers, which still deliver that awesome sound, but without using any wires. This is something that a lot of people dream about. You would be able to move any of those speakers around the house without the clutter of connecting wires and still have that remarkable sound. An additional system that has just been introduced to the Bose family is the Bose Companion 3. This next system is meant for the computer gamer or MP3 enthusiast looking for that same great sound. The two palm size satellites are designed in a way to again match the desktop or the surroundings. One cool feature about this system is that it has a control pod that is used to control the volume and it also has an accessible headphone jack; just by tapping the top part of pod one time would turn on the mute mode. The most often repetitive argument in ...

Comparison of Private and Public Schools

Comparison of Private and Public Schools Are you someone who is considering whether or not private schools are better than public schools? Many families want to know more about the differences and similarities between private and public schools, and weve outlined several of the differences and similarities for you here. Whats Taught Public schools must adhere to state standards regarding what can be taught and how it is presented. Certain subjects such as religion and sexual practices are taboo. Rulings in many court cases over the years have determined the scope and limits of what can be taught and how it is presented in public school. By contrast, a private school can teach whatever it likes and present it in any way it chooses. Thats because parents choose to send their children to a specific school which has a program and educational philosophy with which they are comfortable. That doesnt mean that private schools run wild and dont provide a quality education; they still undergo rigorous accreditation processes regularly to ensure that they are providing the best educational experience possible. However, there is a similarity. As a rule, both public and private high schools require a certain number of credits in core subjects such as English, mathematics, and science in order to graduate. Admission Standards While public schools must accept all students within their jurisdiction with few exceptions. Behavior is one of those exceptions  and really bad behavior which must be well-documented over time. A private school, on the other hand, accepts any student it wishes to according to its academic and other standards. It is not required to give a reason why it has refused to admit anyone. Its decision is final. Both private and public schools use some kind of testing and review transcripts to determine the grade level for new students. Accountability Public schools must comply with a host of federal, state and local laws and regulations including No Child Left Behind, Title I, etc. The number of regulations with which a public school must comply is vast. In addition, public schools must also comply with all the state and local building, fire and safety codes just as the private schools must. Private schools, on the other hand, must observe federal, state and local laws such as annual reports to the IRS, maintenance of state-required attendance, curriculum and safety records and reports, compliance with local building, fire and sanitation codes. There is plenty of regulation, inspection, and review of the operations of both private and public schools. Accreditation Accreditation is generally required for public schools in most states. While accreditation for private schools is optional, most college prep schools seek and maintain accreditation from the major accrediting organizations. The process of peer review is a good thing for both private and public schools. Graduation Rates The rate of public school students graduating high school is actually on the rise since 2005-2006, maxing out at 82% in 2012-2013, with about 66% of students going on to college. A variety of factors come into play which results in that relatively low matriculation rate. The drop-out rate in public schools tends to have a negative effect on matriculation data, and many students who enter into trade careers tend to enroll at public schools rather than private, which decreases the rate of students who go on to college. In private schools, the matriculation rate to college is typically in the 95% and up range. Minority students who attend a private high school are more likely to attend college than minority students who attend public school according to NCES data. The reason why most private high schools do well in this area is that they are generally selective. They will only accept students who can do the work, and they tend to accept students whose goals are to continue in college.   Private schools also offer personalized college counseling programs to help students find the best fit colleges for them.   Cost Funding differs greatly between private and public schools. Public schools are not allowed to charge any tuition fees in most jurisdictions at the elementary level. You will encounter modest fees in high schools. Public schools are funded largely by local property taxes, though many districts also receive funding from state and federal sources. Private schools charge for every aspect of their programs. Fees are determined by market forces. Private school tuition averages about $9,582 per student according to Private School Review. Breaking that down further, private elementary schools tend to be $8,522 a year, while secondary schools average nearly $13,000. The average boarding school tuition, however, is $38,850, according to College Bound. Private schools take no public funding. As a result, they must operate with balanced budgets. Discipline Discipline is handled differently in private schools vs public schools. Discipline in public schools is somewhat complicated because students are governed by due process and constitutional rights. This has the practical effect of making it difficult to discipline students for minor and major infractions of the schools code of conduct. Private school students are governed by the contract which they and their parents sign with the school. It clearly spells out consequences for what the school considers unacceptable behavior. Safety Violence in public schools is a top priority for administrators and teachers. The highly-publicized shootings and other acts of violence which have taken place in public schools have resulted in the application of stringent rules and security measures such as metal detectors to help create and maintain a safe learning environment. Private schools are generally safe places. Access to campuses and buildings is carefully monitored and controlled. Because schools usually have fewer students than a public school, it is easier to supervise the school population. Both private and public school administrators have your childs safety on top of their list of priorities. Teacher Certification There are some  key differences between private and public schools regarding Teacher Certification. For example, public school teachers must be certified by the state in which they are teaching. Certification is granted once statutory requirements such as education courses and teaching practice are met. The certificate is valid for a set number of years and must be renewed. In most states, private school teachers can teach without a teaching certificate. Most private schools prefer teachers to become certified as a condition of employment. Private schools tend to hire teachers with a bachelors or masters degree in their subject.   Article edited by  Stacy Jagodowski

History of the First Credit Card

History of the First Credit Card Charging for products and services has become a way of life. No longer do people bring cash when they buy a sweater or a large appliance, they charge it. Some people do it for the convenience of not carrying cash; others put it on plastic so they can purchase an item they can not yet afford. The credit card that allows them to do this is a twentieth-century invention. At the beginning of the twentieth century, people had to pay cash for almost all products and services. Although the early part of the century saw an increase in individual store credit accounts, a credit card that could be used at more than one merchant was not invented until 1950. It all started when Frank X. McNamara and two of his friends went out to supper. The Famous Supper In 1949, Frank X McNamara, head of the Hamilton Credit Corporation, went out to eat with Alfred Bloomingdale, McNamaras long-time friend and grandson of the founder of the Bloomingdales store, and Ralph Sneider, McNamaras attorney. The three men were eating at Majors Cabin Grill, a famous New York restaurant located next to the Empire State Building, to discuss a problem customer of the Hamilton Credit Corporation. The problem was that one of McNamaras customers had borrowed some money but was unable to pay it back. This particular customer had gotten into trouble  when he had lent a number of his charge cards (available from individual department stores and gas stations) to his poor neighbors who needed items in an emergency. For this service, the man required his neighbors to pay him back the cost of the original purchase plus some extra money. Unfortunately for the man, many of his neighbors were unable to pay him back within a short period of time, and he was then forced to borrow money from the Hamilton Credit Corporation. At the end of the meal with his two friends, McNamara reached into his pocket for his wallet so that he could pay for the meal (in cash). He was shocked to discover that he had forgotten his wallet. To his embarrassment, he then had to call his wife and have her bring him some money. McNamara vowed never to let this happen again. Merging the two concepts from that dinner, the lending of credit cards and not having cash on hand to pay for the meal, McNamara came up with a new idea - a credit card that could be used at multiple locations. What was particularly novel about this concept was that there would be a middleman between companies and their customers. The Middleman Though the concept of credit has existed longer even than money, charge accounts became popular in the early twentieth century. With the invention and growing popularity of automobiles and airplanes, people now had the option to travel to a variety of stores for their shopping needs. In an effort to capture customer loyalty, various department stores and gas stations began to offer charge accounts for their customers which could be accessed by a card. Unfortunately, people needed to bring dozens of these cards with them if they were to do a day of shopping. McNamara had the idea of needing only one credit card. McNamara discussed the idea with Bloomingdale and Sneider, and the three pooled some money and started a new company in 1950 which they called the Diners Club. The Diners Club was going to be a middleman. Instead of individual companies offering credit to their customers (whom they would bill later), the Diners Club was going to offer credit to individuals for many companies (then bill the customers and pay the companies). Previously, stores would make money with their credit cards by keeping customers loyal to their particular store, thus maintaining a high level of sales. However, the Diners Club needed a different way to make money since they werent selling anything. To make a profit without charging interest (interest-bearing credit cards came much later), the companies who accepted the Diners Club credit card were charged 7 percent for each transaction while the subscribers to the credit card were charged a $3 annual fee (begun in 1951). McNamaras new credit company focused on salesmen. Since salesmen often need to dine (hence the new companys name) at multiple restaurants to entertain their clients, the Diners Club needed both to convince a large number of restaurants to accept the new card and to get salesmen to subscribe. The first Diners Club credit cards were given out in 1950 to 200 people (most were friends and acquaintances of McNamara) and accepted by 14 restaurants in New York. The cards were not made of plastic; instead, the first Diners Club credit cards were made of paper stock with the accepting locations printed on the back. In the beginning, progress was difficult. Merchants didnt want to pay the Diners Clubs fee and didnt want competition for their store cards; while customers didnt want to sign up unless there were a large number of merchants that accepted the card. However, the concept of the card grew, and by the end of 1950, 20,000 people were using the Diners Club credit card. The Future Though the Diners Club continued to grow and by the second year was making a profit ($60,000), McNamara thought the concept was just a fad. In 1952, he sold his shares in the company for more than $200,000 to his two partners. The Diners Club credit card continued to grow more popular and didnt receive competition until 1958. In that year, both American Express and the Bank Americard (later called VISA) arrived. The concept of a universal credit card had taken root and quickly spread across the world.

Analysing operational risk failure of Barings bank Essay

Analysing operational risk failure of Barings bank - Essay Example At the heart of the devastating scam was a person with a huge appetite for risk-taking but hardly any accountability towards the bank, Nick Leeson. Overnight, the unscrupulous futures' trader from London who was previously the poster boy for Barings' high-growth earnings from Singapore's premium monetary exchange, SIMEX (In 1993, he documented nearly 10% of the bank's profits in futures' trading), took special advantage of the bank's vulnerability in not being able to hedge the risks that come with dealing in a concern as sensitive as this. This is what happened. Nick Leeson's job as Chief Trader at SIMEX was to buy and sell the simplest kind of derivatives pegged to the Nikkei-225 stock exchange of Japan. This job entails the methodology of a skilled bookie who basically, bets on what people are likely to bet on in the future course. Despite booking profits on various occasions, some of Leeson's predictions proved incorrect. The idea to fool the bank management in covering up details of unsuccessful tradings came from devising an unaudited bank account, called error account 88888, to fix 20,000 goofed up by an inexperienced team member, which was later to serve as Leeson's personal getaway in covering up failed investment strategies. Even as the entire audit team of Barings' was kept in dark about what was the tip of the iceberg then, Leeson managed to document account losses which were initially at 2 million in 1992 to an astronomical figure of 208 million by 1994. The final blow came when Leeson pulled out a short-selling stunt by compromising derivatives at the Japanese and Singapore stock exchanges. An earthquake in Japan in Jan, 1995 upset his apple cart, the Nikkei plummeting by 7.7% overnight, the repercussions being felt across much of the Asian markets. Leeson desperately hoped for a recovery post-quake but, the trouble grew deeper as Barings' liabilities upward of 1 billion came to the fore. Before the bank authorities could take corrective action, the worst had happen, and one of the most glaring financial scams of recent history captured our imagination. Leeson later served a 4-year prison sentence in Singapore, eventually returned to the UK as a "celebrity", and ironically today, is a much sought-after speaker in guiding corporations and banks to manage risk in their financial dealings. While the Barings' episode is painfully over, the chances of another scam of this magnitude should not be ruled out. It is with this objective in mind that we must understand the mechanics of operational-risk management when applied to financial tradings. While analysing the basics of this study, we will simultaneously try to picture what happened in Barings, and what could have been done to arrest the ugly development. To understand the guidelines of

Virginia State Government Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Virginia State Government - Essay Example 18, making monies available for â€Å"grants to pay for temporary housing, minor home repairs and other serious disaster-related expenses† (1). There is little argument that these services were needed, but the number of requests in the years to come might speak volumes. In June 2004, aid was given to Virginia once again. The â€Å"Federal Disaster Aid Authorized for Virginia Storms† press release read that funds were requested for a â€Å"series of severe storms† (para. 1). Most of the money went to southwestern Virginia to help residential families and small businesses affected by flooding from rainstorms, and damage done by tornadoes. In December 2006, the state of Virginia made application to FEMA once again for damage done by Tropical Storm Ernesto. This time, however, the state was denied FEMA help. In â€Å"FEMA Denies Richmond’s Housing-Money Request,† Michael Martz writes that the city was denied â€Å"more than $198,000 †¦ spent to house people in hotels and apartments after their North Side neighborhoods were flooded Sept. 1† (para. 2). Even with the rejection, Martz reported that Virginia officials still planned to apply for $35 million to fix a collapsed sewer line, and to take preventive measures against further flooding in the city’s Battery Park. Later that year, a news story titled â€Å"Blame the Weather† appeared in Economist. Although Virginia was not named specifically, the main idea of the article was that â€Å"bad weather and bad government may be related† (para. 1). The story read that the large influxes of cash provided by FEMA made it easy for government officials to skim money off the top by inflating the actual amount of damage done, demanding kickbacks from contractors hired to rebuild, etc. It was revealed that if FEMA were defunct, government corruption would be â€Å"cut by more than 20% in the average state† (para. 4). That is based on the idea of each state’s resident being cheated out of only $1. This

What to do with waste Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

What to do with waste - Essay Example To imagine, the amount of wastes being generated in hundreds of million to billion tonnes per year on a global scale should be alarming to the point we could not at all afford to neglect the issue and show meager efforts toward resolution of the encompassing matter. Actually, no exact statistical figures convey the immense number that must be dealt with since there are unreported cases of waste generation in several countries yet we can only be certain of the fact that waste quantities increase as they vary in direct proportion with human activities, material and energy consumption, as well as the widely experienced technological growth through time. The world has long struggled at managing waste disposals and treating wastes due chiefly to insufficient funds and appropriate fields of study that lack resources in terms of skilled researchers or interested experts who may be visualized together as solid passionate teams in creating ideas and innovating systems that efficiently address waste problems. Given this ever-worsening scenario, thus, we are brought to ask in serious enthusiastic tone â€Å"What do we and can we really do about our wastes on this planet in order to save mother nature, human health, and probably settle other critical concerns thereafter?† At one aspect, we can think of the fossil fuel crisis that affects almost everyone in the world and consider the equivalence fossil fuels make with contemporary wastes. By common knowledge, we are aware that fossil fuels are derived from organic remains of prehistoric plants and animals that undergo natural process of anaerobic decomposition. It normally takes 700 million years for decaying plant and animal matters to be fossilized upon exposure to extreme levels of heat and pressure. So how exactly would wastes, in relative measure, account for the risks of fossil fuel depletion? The point of advantage lies at discovering wastes as possible substitute for fossil fuels based on similar useful compo nents such as coal, natural gas, oil, or petroleum which may be recovered from a bulk of wastes’ organic composition. A successful content analysis must illustrate, by comparative studies, how wastes could feasibly become a good alternative for such non-renewable source of energy as their commonalities basically indicate that wastes are rich in carbon, hydrogen, and other elements capable of evolving heat energy upon combustive mechanisms. Once we have wholly figured such feasibility of producing energy with wastes through large volumetric yields of hydrocarbons, the next approach would be to come up with practical tools and methods relevant for the task. Hence, realizing the full potential of wastes in the context of possibly replacing fossil fuels should in part respond to the main query. Moreover, in the attempt to carry out energy conversions via exothermic reactions with wastes in solid and gaseous states, it would be necessary to establish medium to large-scale fuel pla nts just as what Dr. Martin Linck proposed to do in aiming for a 300,000-gallon per day production of fuel. An article written by Earth Times online columnist Dave Armstrong entitled â€Å"What to do with waste? Make our own fossil fuels!† notes Dr. Linck’s attendance and discourse during the 244th meeting of the American Chemical Society in Philadelphia where a scientific breakthrough known as the Integrated Hydropyrolysis and Hydroconversion Process (IH2) was introduced. According to Armstrong, â€Å"IH2 was developed by Dr. Linck’s Gas Technology Institute (GTI) in Des Plaines – Hydrogen from the waste and many cheaper catalysts move the processes by which the ‘feedstock’ raw materials are converted into the oily products.† Apparently, in this setting, wastes enter a type of modern technology which would manufacture gaseous hydrogen and oils as ready-to-use fuels. At this stage, we may further extend thought to the probability of ad opting designs for fuel production at optimum level and we may to some degree be glad on

Capital Budgeting PROJECT ANALYSIS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Capital Budgeting PROJECT ANALYSIS - Essay Example The company’s target market will be the students and friends of the college. The students will be offered the skis at a discounted rate of $250, and the outsiders will purchase the skis at $600. Since the project will be generating revenue, there will be no need of finding other means of funding as the project’s operations are anticipated to generate enough revenue that will be ploughed back as a means of funding. The project was selected for the following reasons: First, project will be beneficial to college in terms of learning and management to the students because they will be exposed to a real-time work environment. The students of Westminster will use the company for their internships where they will be in a position to learn various management and production skills. The company is anticipated to have a stable management that will perform efficiently and effectively because of support and supervision that will be offered by the College’s Centre for Entrepre neurs and the Company’s Board of Directors. If the project is successful, it will benefit the college first, in terms of revenue generation and second, as part of the college the capital invested back into the business will subsequently also increase the asset value of the college. A careful analysis was carried out to inspect the viability of the project in terms of revenue generation, costs, payback, depreciation, rate of returns, and the projects net present value. Initial costs First, an assessment of the costs and commitments that the project will undertake will be as follows. In acquiring the company, the College will incur Total Capital Cost of $ 15,200.35. This amount is inclusive of the equipment and material cost of $15,000 that are required for the continuation of business. The equipment is valued at current market value, and it includes a $2,400 purchase order contract. The costs also involve the total transportation costs of $200, which will be employed in the mo ving truck and labor transport costs. The estimated costs for a single product are computed inclusive of all necessary materials and it is found that for each product to be manufactured the company will be spending $108. The company additionally spends an extra $100 for maintenance purposes. Labor costs have been computed as part of the company’s operating costs, and it is estimated for every three students working for the company, 10 hours a day at a rate of $8 will be costing the company a total of $240 dollars or simply $80 dollars each. Depreciation Factoring depreciation into the investment, it estimated that for the initial investment value to have a fair value of $0, it would take approximately 8 years. The company experiences a sharp depreciation in the second year because this is the estimated time when most of the initial investment materials will be depleted. Cash flow A budget analysis for the company is carried for the first eight years when it is estimated that the fair value of investment will be zero. For the eight years, the company is estimating to have minimum revenue of $10,800. The revenue is generated through a customer base comprising of students and friends of the college who will be buying the skis on a year basis. The students are estimated to buy the skis at a price of $400. The price is discounted because the students are also involved in the manufacturing process. The outsiders will be buying the skis at $600. The estimated revenues the company will

Hierarchical in organization Essay Example for Free

Hierarchical in organization Essay The most essential yet fundamental thing to remember with the Japanese in terms of business is their giving significance to personal relationship first before business considerations. Putting enough time and resources for relationship building is necessary for achieving success in business. Japanese business structure is hierarchical in organization with specific roles to perform. Team work and group orientation are ways of life observed in all corporate life at all levels. The Japanese do not really engaged themselves in formal trainings on teambuilding; they are just by nature collectivists that use the consensus approach in all issues of concern. Strength and purpose of any Japanese business organization came from the sense of belongingness. Involvement and commitment in the workplace are based primarily from compromise and collaboration in terms of decision making. Top-down approach, where the flow of information comes from subordinates and forwarded to higher-ups is the Japanese management style. Therefore, the policy is always initiated at the middle management. This approach is advantageous, because everyone in the company took active involvement in the creation of rules and procedures. For the Japanese being a valuable boss is not founded on having strong personality and being influential. Humbleness and non-aspiring must be the maintainable characters of any manager as he climbs the ladder of the hierarchy. A Japanese manager should always be available at all times and ready to contribute his expertise without hesitation to his people. Excellent management and teamwork can be attained through a harmonious employer-employee rapport. In meetings, being punctual is a sign of respect for the Japanese. Although, it is very hard to conclude the finality of a decision in terms of time, because they always think in a consensus style, patience is much needed. Before the start of any meeting, attendees usually talk about non-business topics such as food, hobbies, and health etc to set up the relationship-building process, which is necessary for the success of the business meeting. Wa or harmony is at all times part of any meeting. Debates, confrontations and disagreements are to be avoided, though at time indispensable in searching for a solution. Since reaching a decision should undergo a process of consensus-building plus the conservation of Wa, endurance in time is really important. During serious meeting, bringing in humor is considered out of place. The biggest issue of worry when undertaking business transaction with Japanese is communication difficulties. What Japanese publicly says in words and what he really thinks is often contradictory; that causes trouble and confusion to the non-Japanese in terms of conversation. Troubles in communication is made complex by the reality that few Japanese are good English conversant and foreigners as well do not speak good Japanese. In addition, Japanese people hardly use body language, as they are very motionless and unusual to make feedback. In order to check the situation it is necessary to ask several questions for understanding. To further clearly understand each other, clarification is best to be undertaken in order to make problem-solving and decision-making prompt. Culture in Canada Canada, often referred to as â€Å"nation of nations†, is twice the geographical area of the United States with approximately 30 million people living in it. It was founded by the rich heritage of French and English with combination from non-French and English countries. Canada has two official languages, English and French. The country’s national advantage is its cultural diversity, which is the reason for prohibiting bias against person on the basis of race, color, religion, or gender. Canada takes pleasure in a society that is open and relatively free of class difference. Citizens of the country are proud that all of them enjoy equal rights and respect and dislike remarks that lack respect to anyone coming from a specific background. Canada has the highest per capita level of postsecondary education participation of any industrialized country. The entire universities are publicly funded institutions; however students still shell out for tuition fees. National and provincial support programs are in place to lend a hand to students in postsecondary schooling. Christianity is the primary religion. The principal language in Canada is English. There are however, at least three varieties of French that are acknowledged: Quebecois in Quebec, Franco-Manitoban all the way through Manitoba and for the most part in the St. Boniface area of Winnipeg, and Acadian. The Italian language is the third language in Canada owing to a huge arrival of Italian immigrants after World War 2.

History of AIDS Essay Example for Free

History of AIDS Essay AIDS is a disease that destroys a person’s immune system. AIDS is a blood born pathogen. It was originally only found in gay men. This led to people calling it the â€Å"gay men disease. † They use to think that this was punishment from God for their being gay. Then researchers found out some drug users were also getting the HIV virus, which leads to AIDS, from sharing needles. After that, it was referred to as the â€Å"gay man and druggy disease. † All of the labels AIDS has been given are completely wrong; even heterosexual, sober people can get AIDS. Considering the many ways of contracting HIV/AIDS it seems foolish to limit the causes to sex and drug use. Jonathan Mann wrote: We do not know how many people developed AIDS in the 1970s, or indeed in the years before. We do now know that the origin of AIDS and the virus HIV was probably in Africa. What we also know is: â€Å"The dominant feature of this first period was silence for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was unknown and transmission was not accompanied by signs or symptoms salient enough to be noticed. While rare, sporadic case reports of AIDS and sero-archaeological studies have documented human infections with HIV prior to 1970, available data suggest that the current pandemic started in the mid- to late 1970s. By 1980, HIV has spread to at least five continents (North America, South America, Europe, Africa, and Australia). During this period of silence, spread was unchecked by awareness or any preventive action and approximately 100,000-300,000 persons may have been infected. (qtd in â€Å"History†) The first awareness of AIDS was in June of 1981, when they found traces of PCP in five men in Los Angeles, California. This event occured when they believed only gay men could get the disease, so they were not worried about it spreading to heterosexual people. This was all also before the method of transmission was known; they thought a person could catch it if he or she were standing to close to someone who had the disease. In December of 1981 the first cases of AIDS were reported in intravenous drug users. In 1982 AIDS was still nameless. People started calling it numerous names, such as â€Å"Gay Compromise Syndrome,† â€Å"GRID (gay-related immune deficiency),† â€Å"AID (acquired immunodeficiency disease),† â€Å"gay cancer† and â€Å"community-acquired immune dysfunction. (â€Å"History†) Later that year, reports emerged of children and transfusion recipients getting AIDS. Everyone knew this was no longer a gay related disease. Persons who may be considered at increased risk of AIDS include those with symptoms and signs suggestive of AIDS; sexual partners of AIDS patients; sexually active homosexual or bisexual men with multiple partners; Haitian entrants to the United States; present or past abusers of IV drugs; patients with hemophilia; and sexual partners of individuals at increased risk for AIDS. qtd in â€Å"History†) This was the message that CDC (Center for Disease Control) sent out when researchers discovered that AIDS was spread through body fluids. It was not until March 1983 that researchers discovered this. Between 1987 and 1992 there were many prevention groups created. ACT-UP (the AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power) was founded to attempt to end the AIDS crisis. â€Å"On April 2, 1989, Hans Verhoef, a Dutch man with AIDS, was jailed in Minnesota under the federal law banning travelers with HIV from entering the USA. †(â€Å"History†) In July of 1990, Kimberly Bergalis was infected with HIV by her dentist, David Acer. The CDC would not believe Kimberly, they didn’t think this type of infection was possible. Her father kept telling the CDC that Kimberly would not back down, thus by the end of it all the CDC supported her conclusion. Early in 1991, the CDC confirmed that the same dentist infected two other patients. In the fall of 1991 Kimberly requested mandatory HIV testing for all health care workers, so that â€Å"others don’t have to go through the hell that I have. (â€Å"History†) A few years after the CDC chose not to do the mandatory testing, Kimberly Bergalis died. In 1991 Earvin (Magic) Johnson announced that he was HIV positive; he then retired from professional sports. He wanted to use his celebrity status to educate kids about the disease. He also said, â€Å"I think sometimes we think, well, only gay people can get it – it is not going to happen to me. And here I am saying that it can happen to anyone, even me Magic Johnson. † (â€Å"History†) In 1992 the FDA(Federal Drug Administration) approved the use of two drugs combined, it was the first combination of drugs that was successful. This new drug is not a cure, but it constitutes an important addition to the expanding group of antiviral drugs currently available, including AZT and DDI, for treating people with AIDS. † stated James Mason. (â€Å"History†) On December 1, 1993, World AIDS Day, Benetton and ACT UP Paris put a giant condom (22m x 3. 5m) in the time square equivalent in Paris to raise awareness of the disease. (â€Å"History†) One of the television ads, entitle Automatic, features a condom making its way from the top drawer of a dresser across the room and into bed with a couple about to make love. The voice-over says, ‘It would be nice if latex condoms were automatics. But since they’re not using them should be. Simply because a latex condom, used consistently and correctly will prevent the spread of HIV. ’ (qtd in â€Å"History†) This was a commercial that attempted to make men wear condoms to keep the HIV virus from spreading. If a man wears a condom it will reduce the chance of the woman contracting the virus. In 1994 scientists found a medication that reduced the spread of HIV from mother to infant by two thirds. This was the first sign that mothers can decrease the spread of HIV to their children, and maybe stop it all together. In 1996, a heavyweight boxer was tested positive for HIV before a fight. This was his reaction: â€Å"I thought AIDS was something that happened to gays and drug addicts. A macho guy like me who loves ladies and super fit – he doesn’t get AIDS! † stated Tommy Morrison. (â€Å"History†) In his State of the Union address on 28th January, US president George Bush proposed spending $15 billion in combating AIDS in Africa and the Caribbean over the next 5 years. He called the scheme a great mission of rescue. This comprehensive plan will prevent 7 million new AIDS infections, treat at least 2 million people with life-extending drugs, and provide humane care for millions of people suffering from AIDS, and for children orphaned by AIDS. †-President Bush Just two days later, US Health Secretary Tommy Thompson was elected as the new chairman of the Global Fund for HIV, TB and Malaria. It was hoped this move would prevent a conflict between the Bush administration and the international health community. (qtd in â€Å"History†) Symptoms of AIDS include; heart infections, intestine infections, and other infections that are uncommon. When a person has AIDS he or she gets very uncommon infections that a healthy immune system could fight off. Since his or her immune system slowly gets destroyed he or she can’t fight off infections and viruses that most people can. The most common cause of AIDS is sexual transmission. This can be between two men, two women, or heterosexual intercourse. The second highest cause is being exposed to blood borne pathogens. This can happen from blood donations, or just having open wounds. This however cannot happen from close contact, like some people believe. The least likely way to contract the virus is from mother to child, because we now have drugs that make it so less than one percent of children will get it from their mother. AIDS is a disease that will completely destroy your immune system. It attaches to your white blood cells and keeps them from doing their job. White blood cells would normally fight off any infection that get into your body, but when the HIV virus changes to AIDS it will block the receptors from the message your brain sends saying to attack this bacteria. This means AIDS does not kill you, rather the illness AIDS won’t let your body fight kill you. There are many ways to prevent AIDS, the most effective way is abstinence. If you are not sexually active, you cannot get an STI. However, if you feel you have to have sex use a condom. Not only does it prevent unwanted birth, but it will also reduce the transmission of STIs. (â€Å"CDC†) The importance of condoms in the fight against STDs is readily apparent, whether one focuses on the past, the present or the future. But condoms clearly have not been used as widely as they must be to significantly slow the spread of infection. One solution is the greater promotion of condoms through advertising, education and public-awareness campaigns. We believe another necessary step is to improve condoms – making them more user-friendly, sexy and pleasurable. (qtd in Pinkerton) Another way to prevent the spread of AIDS is to avoid infected blood. So if you are a doctor working on an HIV positive patient, wear rubber gloves. Also, if you are HIV positive, don’t have sexual relations with multiple people, and tell them if you are going to sleep with them. The least you can do is let them know they are risking their lives. William B. Kaliher has investigated cases of venereal disease for more than twenty-five years. In the following viewpoint, Kaliher asserts that while it is mandatory for health departments to find and notify the sexual partners of patients with venereal disease, partner notification in HIV cases is not mandatory. He argues that partner notification is especially important in HIV/AIDS cases, however, as AIDS is always fatal. Without mandatory notification, he contends that those who have HIV can continue to infect other people. If people with HIV/AIDS are notified that they may be infected, they can get tested. qtd in Kaliher) In this society, two things are very clear. The government is not making decisions in the best interest of the public health. The government is also not utilizing every tax payer’s dollar; they are not doing as much to prevent the spreading of AIDS as they can do. Also another way of preventing the spread of AIDS would be to educate the people most likely to spread the disease. The health official could do this by going into the areas where drug users live, and tell them that if they share needles they are at risk of dying earlier than normal people are. They could also talk to the prostitutes in Las Vegas, the women who are with ten, fifteen, or twenty men a night. They could tell them not only are they at higher risk for spreading the disease, but they could also spread it to hundreds of other men. (Kaliher) There is no vaccine against HIV, and no cure for AIDS. The key to decreasing the spread and reducing the impact of this disease is to promote healthy behaviors that prevent infection or minimize the adverse effects of treatment. Health promotion, disease prevention, and symptom management are key components of the research conducted by the biobehavioral scientists supported by the National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR). The Institute funds both domestic and international HIV/AIDS research programs. (qtd in NINR) There are also many myths about AIDS. First of all AIDS is not just the gay men disease. Anyone can contract AIDS, and not a lot of people try to prevent spreading it. Like the saying â€Å"gay as AIDS† that statement is very inaccurate. AIDS is present in many heterosexual peoples’ lives. Also AIDS is not only in drug addicts who share needles. Someone cannot call AIDS the druggy disease or the gay men disease just because they were some of the first people to have it. The solution to the myths about AIDS is to increase awareness on all of the aspects of AIDS. People need to know that people can get AIDS from more than just sharing needles and having gay sex. People can catch AIDS from their mother when they are born or being breast fed, people can catch it from having heterosexual sex, and people can also catch it when they receive a blood donation from an infected donor.

Queen Elizabeth I - Family, Religion, and Politics Essay -- essays res

Born of a king whose most disappointing day was that of her birth, Elizabeth Tudor’s life seemed almost made for trials and controversy, both personally and politically. Although she had, at times, a horrible temper and a disagreeable personality, and suffered through many physical and psychological problems as an adult, Elizabeth proved to be one of the most remarkable monarchs in English history. Firstly, I will discuss Elizabeth’s family (including her many stepmothers), and then I will talk about her relationship with her siblings under their power. Thirdly, I will examine religion and how it affected her opinions and politics during her reign. Lastly, I will look at foreign politics of the time and some of Elizabeth’s decisions affecting England’s position in the world. Elizabeth was born in 1533 to Henry VIII and Ann Boleyn. Anne was Henry’s second wife, after having divorced the first (Catherine of Aragon) for having failed to produce a male heir to the throne. (On Catherine’s death, her daughter Mary’s birth was declared illegitimate.) Ann had been Catherine’s lady-in-waiting. After Elizabeth’s disappointing birth, Ann Boleyn had two miscarriages. The king was growing impatient for a son. During Ann’s fourth pregnancy, she discovered Henry in bed with her lady-in-waiting, Jane Seymour. Her anger brought on premature labour, and she gave birth to a dead boy. Henry had her arrested and taken to Tower Hill. She was charged with having committed adultery and incest, and was beheaded. The King married Jane Seymour thenext morning. Elizabeth was only three years old at the time. In 1537, Jane Seymour gave birth to a boy, Edward. Jane died a week later. The king remarried quickly (to Ann of Cleves), but the marriage en... ...lso proved to be a wise political move, for she flirted incessantly, and â€Å"not to marry always left the door open to the possibilities of marriage, and that was an asset.... which she did not care to lose† (Read, 162). Though, near her death, more problems were caused by a new generation looking for change (more people were executed in those last few years than all of the other years of her reign put together), Elizabeth Tudor’s name will echo in history books for many years to come as an important figure in English history. References Jenkins, E. (1965). Elizabeth the Great. London: Victor Gollancz. Morris, C. (1955). The Tudors. London: Fontana/Collins. Read, C. (1936). The Tudors: Personalities and Practical Politics in Sixteenth Century England. New York: Henry Holt and Company. Rowse, A.(1950). The England of Elizabeth. London: Macmillan and Co.

Essay --

Trust is defined in the dictionary as believing in someone. Trust is what everybody in the world desire, or should desire from one another. It is the key part of establishing a good friendship. Trust is what keeps a relationship with family good, and works as a magnet to keep the bond alive. Without trust, there is not friendship, and without friendship, there is no love. Trust is very hard to gain, but very easy to lose. To gain someone’s trust, it might be a very difficult and painful road especially if you love that person. To be told you are trusted is a great feeling, but you should never take advantage of that trust. The second you take advantage of someone’s trust, that relationship will weaken and demolish as a result of distrust. According to my second story, the girl knew that her boyfriend cheated on her and decided to leave the relationship. All the trust that she had in him was destroyed as a result of a reckless action. This story is a good example of the consequences of distrust, and how it affects a relationship. On the other hand, having somebody to trust is a wonderful feeling. It provides us support by enabling us to share secrets, stories, and other events. The feeling of being trusted might possibly be one of the best feelings a person can encounter during his lifespan, it makes us happy and strong. Trust gives us the power to help somebody by having a small talk with them about something they need help with or need advice on. In my fifth story, Stacey failed her math test and she is scared to tell her parents due to the consequences she might encounters. She couldn’t find a good solution to the problem. Her friend Ann passed by her, and started a conversation with Stacey to find out the problem. After Stac... ...shelf and immediately came up to me to ask me why the shelf is empty. I couldn’t blame it on someone else because it is my responsibility. I was given a warning but I learned no to trust anyone. It was a bad experience for me because every person likes to fulfill their job requirements in order to prove something to their bosses, but this time, I fell short because I trusted someone who cannot be trusted. Expectation has a lot to do with trust. I expected my co-worker to do what I told him and by doing this, I trusted him. These two seem to tie into each other. Part of trust is having the expectation that someone will do right and be towards you. It is why you feel safe around them. Trusting that person makes you feel more comfortable in that environment, but for me, I learned to not trust or expect anyone to help me at work because they want to be better than me.

Southwest Airlines in 2010: Culture, Value, and Operation Practices

Coursework Header Sheet198322-169 | | Course| RESE1031: PPD3 – Thematic Independent St| Course School/Level| BU/UG| Coursework| Essay 1| Assessment Weight| 35. 00%| Tutor| N Stair| Submission Deadline| 14/12/2012| Coursework is receipted on the understanding that it is the student's own work and that it has not, in whole or part, been presented elsewhere for assessment. Where material has been used from other sources it has been properly acknowledged in accordance with the University's Regulations regarding Cheating and Plagiarism. | 000731054 Yezhou Liang Tutor's comments |Grade Awarded___________| For Office Use Only__________| Final Grade_________| Moderation required: yes/no| Tutor______________________| Date _______________| University of Greenwich TIS Essay 1 Advertising Industry Name: Yezhou Liang Tutor’s name: Nola Stair Submission data: 14/12/2012 Contents I. Introduction II. Definition, history of advertising * Definition * History III. Marketing and Advertisi ng * Marketing concept * The concept of Exchange * The concept of branding * The concept of added value IV. Advertising management * History of the advertising management * How advertising works * Method of advertising management V.Advertising strategy * Advertising planning and decision making * Advertising strategy content VI. Conclusion ; Summary VII. Reference Introduction Advertisement can be found everywhere in our daily life, such as at street, at bus station, at Internet, at TV etc. As long as there is business action, advertisement must be used. For example, Apple Company would make a number of advertisements in order to increase the attention before Apple company release new product. Although advertisement pays a significant role in our society, someone might do not recognize the advertising industry. This essay will focus on advertising industry.Advertising industry is a very popular project. Each year many graduate choose advertising industry to work on, and majority of high school students hope to research the project which relate to advertising industry in university. Some Famous stars and directors also take part in the industry. For instance, great director David Lynch made an advertisement for Dior in 2010. Because of a wide range of advertising industry, it is important that the advertising management and strategy. How manage advertising industry, how make a effective strategy, and what is the relationship between the advertising industry and marketing.These three questions are key point which the essays discuss. The first section of this essay will introduce to the definition and history of advertising. Next this essay will separately analyse to aforementioned three questions. The last section will give a short summary and conclusion to this essay. Definition and history of advertising Definition: In the past, there are a great numbers of definitions about advertising. Industry icon Leo Burnett defined it as â€Å"selling corn flakes to peo ple who are eating cheerio† (Bendinger B. 1993 P. 60). U. S president Calvin Coolidge called it â€Å"the life of trade† (Bradley, Daniels and Jones 1960, P. 3), and in a advertising textbook, Daniel starch (1923, P. 5) suggested â€Å"the simplest definition of advertising, and one that will probably meet the test of critical examination, is that advertising is selling in print† A more modern definition can be found in the American Heritage Dictionary (2000) â€Å" the activity of attracting public attention to a product or business, as by paid announcements in the print, broadcast, or electronic media. † Although many scholars have defined advertising, on comparing most of them, it can be summarized as these key points: broadcast, force and education.According to Printers’ Ink (1963, p. 20), he gives his own opinion to the 3key points â€Å"Advertising is one of the east expected and most productive results of the Constitution. By offering and in formation, advertising has helped to break down class barriers. By educating and persuading, advertising has been a major force in promoting public health. † Indeed, advertising create a new method which is mare fashion, rapid and direct to broadcast some product information, so that audience can easier accept product. Thee successful advertisement of IPhone is a good example.On the other aspect, advertising should take advantage of educate audience, such as antismoking advertising, protect the environment etc. History: Advertising application can be traced back to ancient times, it almost accompanied by the appearance of commodities. Early form of advertising were signs such as huckster, the inn sign, the red-and –white striped barber’s pole, the apothecary’s jar of coloured liquid and the wheel wright’s wheel etc. (Frank J. 1988, P. 1-2) In the ancient Egyptians and Greeks, there were number of huckster to sell slave and livestock by shouting some rhythmic advertisement, but it is doubtful that the ancient Egyptians and Greeks were insensible to the benefits of product promotion. The Romans certainly knew how to make a convincing sales pitch, and early example of advertising were found in the ruins of Pompeii, and the earliest store signboard originated in the ancient city of Pompeii. (Mark T. 2007, P. 10) In modern time, with the development of business, there were a variety of goods in the market. Thus, advertising have been used more and more broad, and advertising took a leap forward.Of course, with the appearance of the printing press and movable type – and invention generally credited to German former goldsmith Johannes Gutenberg in 1447. (Mark T. 2007, P. 10)Theophraste Renaudot, a French doctor, journalist and unlikely adman, created in1631 the first French newspaper to disseminate seeking and offering work, buying and selling goods information, and public announcements of all kinds more widely, which he calle d La Gazette. Thus he became the first French Journalist – and the inventor of the personal advertisement. Mark T. 2007, P. 10-11) In the United Kingdom, the first advertising agent was probably one William Tayler, who opened an office n London’s Warwick Square in 1786. The firm later became known as Tayler ; Newton, and it acted as an advertising sales representative for printers – several of whom had launched newspapers promote their trade. (Mark T. 2007, P. 11) To sum up, advertising have a long history, but the form were old and terrible effective in ancient. Advertising have developed rapidly since the mid – 15th century.At present, there are variety kinds of advertising form, and it has been an important dissemination tool, which become indispensability in our daily life. One of the purposes of advertising is disseminate product information. Therefore, researching the relationship between advertising and marketing is necessary. The following section will analyse what is the connection between both. Marketing and Advertising In modern society, a majority of goods compete to each other in the market, and advertising is undoubtedly the quickest and most effective dissemination form.Whether the goods has a high market share in fierce competition, which depend on successful advertising. Thus, marketing and advertising must have some internal connection. If the market marketing practice is still in development, however, some concept is very important and our knowledge of theses concepts as it is today: exchange, brand value, the marketing concept. All of these concepts have a great impact to advertising and the role of advertising marketing. Let's look briefly at each.Marketing concept: â€Å"Marketing is consumer – oriented, that is, it is planned and implemented to facilitate exchange between the buyer and seller on the basis of identified consumer wants and need. Note that the emphasis in modern marketing is on buyer â₠¬â€œ seller exchange and consumer satisfaction. To induce consumer to engage in exchange, markets develop a marketing mix – a combination of decisions about products price, distribution channels, and promotion. Advertising is an essential part of the promotion element of the marketing mix, which includes sales promotion, public relations, and personal selling. Dean M. K, Leonard N. R, S. Watson D, Arnold M. B, 1989, P. 11). In a word, marketing is seller products to consumers more effectively, and advertising is one of the methods of marketing. The concept of Exchange: â€Å"Marketing helps to create exchange, that is, the act of trading a desired product or service to receive something of value in return. The company makes a product and offers it for sale at a certain price; the customer gives money to the company to buy that product. Money is exchanged for goods. † (William W, Sandra M, John B, 1995, P. 2-33) How to make the customer recognized your products, and the y would like to use the money to buy your product, which depend on successful advertising to promote your product and show the detail of your product. If your advertising could attract customers, your products must popular in the market. So in the market exchange has two meanings, communication is particularly important in the advertising. In other words, people must understand it before they can buy or registered it or to the donation. So marketing is the practice of effective communication in order to be realized their products by customers.The concept of branding: â€Å"Branding is the process of creating a special meaning for a product, one that makes it distinctive in the marketplace and in its product category, just as your name makes you unique in your community. That special meaning, or brand image, is the result of communication, as well as your own personal experiences with the product. † (William W, Sandra M, John B, 1995, P. 33). In generally, customers prefer to buy some famous brand. For that reason, a famous brand is important when customers choose a product that they think necessary such as fashion items, cars, laptops etc.Because people always believe a theory: the more famous goods, the better quality of it. This is â€Å"Famous brand name effect†. A most striking feature of famous brand is that it has a wide influence around the world, and there is no doubt that advertising contribute to broad the influence. For example, Chanel is a famous fashion brand in the world, and Chanel No. 5 perfume is most classical. There have been many super stars to endorse this perfume since it was published in 1921, it include Marilyn Monroe, Nicole Kidman, Brad Pitt etc. they are all super star in at that time. This shows that Chanel Company invests much money to advertising.Thus the successes of Chanel No. 5 depend on advertising. The concept of added value: â€Å"The reason marketing and advertising activities are useful, both to consumers an d to marketers, is that they add value to a product. Added value means a marketing or advertising activity makes the product more valuable useful or appealing. Advertising not only can showcase the product’s value but it also may add value by making the product appear more desirable or more of a status symbol. Providing news and useful information of interest to consumers is another way that advertising adds value. † (William W, Sandra M, John B, 1995, P. 5-36). NIKE is a good example. They have a kind of products in their all products: NBA basketball star product. In NBA, a great number of basketball stars is the NIKE’s spokespeople. According to the star’s characteristic, achievement, and habits, NIKE company design and produce a series of product for the star, the product has a different logo and different technologies to another product, and these are more expensive than the others. One of most famous series is Jordan series, Kobe series and LeBron ser ies. These products have own special logo, such as Jordan series’ logo is an Air Man Michael Jordan.Furthermore, these products are more expensive than ordinary product about 30%. In China, the price of NIKE NBA star series shoes are 1200 Yuan or more, but these ordinary NIKE shoes is no more than 900 Yuan. The more than 300 Yuan gap is added value by advertising. Thus, advertising really can take added value for products. At above statement, the relationship of advertising and marketing was analyzed from the four concepts, and through some examples, it proves the correctness and feasibility of this proposal. Next section, the essay will continually analyze advertising management. Advertising managementAny industries cannot do without management, and advertising will be no exception. Advertising management belongs to the category of economic management. It based on some advertising management laws and some relevant policies to guide, supervise, coordinate and control to the a dvertising industry and advertising activities by the government, advertising industry associations and advertising community supervision. It make the advertising activity to adapt to the economic situation for the advertising industry development, make the advertising industry gradually from disorderly to orderly, from chaos to health.Advertising can play its proper role in this background. Firstly, the essay will shortly introduce to the history of advertising management History of the advertising management: Compared with the production of advertising, advertising management appears to be late so much. At the end of the eighteenth century and the beginning of the 19th century, the industrial revolution was outbroke in Britain, the United States and other west countries, and it led to the rapidly develop of economy. The prosperity of social economy and the development of industry and commerce created a good condition for the emergence of the advertising.However, due to without the right management system, there has been confusion and disorder in the competition of advertising, and it threaten the healthy economic development in some western countries. Therefore, after the 20th century, western governments set out to legislate for advertising and supervise to it. This is the beginning of modern advertising management. How advertising works: In order to better manage advertising, firstly, managers must know how advertising works. Advertising is a form of communication, it provide a variety of product information to consumers. â€Å"However, advertising is not a conversation.Most advertising is not as personal or as interactive as a conversation because it relies on mass communication, which is indirect and complex. † (William W, Sandra M, John B, 1995, P. 99) There is an advertising communication model, it can clearly reflect how to advertising works: Feedback Feedback Noise: Internal Perceived Needs Information Processing Attitudes and opinions Other N oise Noise: Internal Perceived Needs Information Processing Attitudes and opinions Other Noise Noise: External Public opinion Marketing strategy Competition Other noise Noise: External Public opinion Marketing strategy Competition Other noiseReceiver: Consumer reception and response Perceive Understand Feel Connect Believe Act Receiver: Consumer reception and response Perceive Understand Feel Connect Believe Act Media mix: Channels Media mix: Channels Message: Encoding (by agency) Message: Encoding (by agency) Source: Advertiser (Objectives) Source: Advertiser (Objectives) Advertising communication model (William W, Sandra M, John B, 1995, P. 100) According to the figure, it begins with a source which is provided by advertiser. The source information will be encoded a message by professional agency, and put it in some words and pictures.And then, the message is shown through the media mix, such as newspaper, poster, radio, TV etc. Through the media mix decode to the message, the sou rce information will be received to audiences. After that, audience give some feedback to assess the source information to advertiser. Noise is inevitable in the whole process, it includes internal noise and external noise. it can disturb and interrupt the encoding process and decoding process. Thus sometimes the message cannot be received completely by audience. Through analysing to how advertising works, we can deeply understand details of advertising management.Following, the essay will research the method of advertising management. Method of advertising management: Method of advertising management is a means which advertising management personnel perform the administrative functions in order to achieve the management goal. However, there is different method of advertising management in different country. Thus the essay will find a representative case to analyse method of advertising management. Federal Trade Commission (FTC) is an institution which manages all advertising around the United States.Therefore, FTC has own the methods of advertising management, and these method can reduce to 5 key methods. â€Å"They are Substantiation, Affirmative disclosure, Cease—and—desist order, Consent order and Corrective advertising†. (William L. W, Dennis L. M &Michael B. M, 1984). Next the essay will separately analyze the five methods. Substantiation: FTC requires advertiser issued their certificate and provide some evidence for their description in advertising. This method is in order to save the evidence for all advertising, and conveniently provides this evidence to deceptive advertising.After the implementation of the method, a number of advertising had been cancelled because of cannot provide evidence for the false content in their advertising. For example, Borg-warner air conditioner advertising claims that their products are able to release clean and healthy air, but Borg-warner Company cannot provide the evidence for the clean and health y air. Thus their advertising is forbidden by FTC. Affirmative disclosure: FTC require the product which related to the safety and health in the ad, it is necessary to accurately show the characteristics of the product , the advertising also must expose its shortcomings and imitations , that is not only to advertise what the product can do , but also what it cannot do. â€Å"Amway Nutrilite† is a famous health care product in the world. In their products packaging, so many good information could be found on it, such as Nutrient content, function introduction etc. However, a warning also could be seemed: the product cannot replace any medicine. Cease—and—desist order: there is enough evidence to judge that advertising have deceived or misleading, FTC can release â€Å"Cease—and—desist order â€Å". Once the FTC come up with the application of this order to court, orders can be effective immediately.Advertisers can only be signed according to the r equirements, admit the illegal advertisements. Thus, this order can timely cancel the deceptive advertising. It replaces the multifarious legal procedure, and makes the market to keep the normal competition as soon as possible. Consent order: In order to supply a gap which is costing long time to find the evidence, as soon as possible stop to broadcast the false advertising, which the kind of product relate to physical and mental health with people, such as food, medicine and cosmetic.FTC can issued â€Å"Consent Order† in necessity, this judgment not specify why the advertising should be forbidden, and the advertisers also can write the signature to agreed to stop suspected advertising even though he do not admit his fault, . If advertisers continue to publish or broadcast the suspected advertising after he writes the signature, he will pay a great number of fines for it. Corrective advertising: FTC come up with the corrective advertising suggestion to misleading advertising which deeply impressed in consumers’ mind. It is in order to eliminate wrong impression.Although there are different methods of advertising management in the different country, they have the same purpose that they hope advertising industry healthier and healthier in the rapid development by these methods of advertising management. Next part, the essay will discuss advertising strategy. Advertising strategy Advertising strategy is that advertising publisher grasps the advertising decision in the macroscopic. Researching advertising strategy is necessary. Because it can improve the advertising effect, make the enterprise with the lowest costs to achieve the best marketing target.In modern society, market competition becomes more and more fierce, a company or product want to outstanding in the market environment, or beat the competitor in order to ensure development, almost connect with correct using the advertising strategy. A successful advertising strategy always includes an advertising planning and decision making. Following, this essay will analyse advertising planning and decision making. Advertising planning and decision making The major activities of advertising management are planning and decision making.In most instances, the advertising or brand manager will be involved in the development, implementation, and overall management of an advertising plan. A complete advertising plan reflects the results of the planning and decision – making process and the decisions that have been made in a particular product – market situation. (Rajeev B, John G. M, David A. A, 1995, P. 38) There is a figure of framework for advertising planning and decision making. Consumer / Market Analysis Competitive Analysis Consumer / Market Analysis Competitive Analysis Situation Analysis Situation AnalysisRole of Advertising, Sales Force, Price, Promotion, Public Relations Role of Advertising, Sales Force, Price, Promotion, Public Relations Marketing Program Marketing Program The Communications/Persuasion process The Communications/Persuasion process Objectives/Segmentation/Positioning Message Strategy and Tactics Media Strategy and Tactics Objectives/Segmentation/Positioning Message Strategy and Tactics Media Strategy and Tactics Advertising Plan Advertising Plan Facilitating Agencies Social and legal constraints Facilitating Agencies Social and legal constraints Implementation ImplementationFramework for advertising planning and decision making (Rajeev B, John G. M, David A. A, 1995, P. 38) According to the figure, advertising plan include three aspect: Objectives, Message Strategy and Tactics and Media Strategy and Tactics. Every advertisement plan will at least reflect planning, decision-making, and the three main components are connected each one. ‘Objective’ means choose a good target for advertising. Because advertising has wide influence, if the product has some problem, advertiser would have huge trouble. For examp le, in 2008, if you advertised for dairy industry in China, you must go bankrupt.In that time, Chinese dairy industry environment became quite terrible because of poison milk powder. But if you advertised for Olympic product ,you would make considerable money. â€Å"Message strategy and tactic is executional decisions, such as the choice of a spokesperson, the use of humour or fear or other tones, and the selection of particular copy, visuals, and layout. Media strategy concerns decisions on how many media dollars to spend on and advertising campaign; Media tactics comprise the decisions about which specific media or media vehicles to use. (Rajeev B, John G. M, David A. A, 1995, P. 50-51) Thus whether advertising planning and decision making is successful, it depend on the three aspects. Advertising strategy content In generally, the advertising strategy has the following components: 1. Strategic objectives – direct advertising campaign to reach target. 2. Performance strate gy – that is, to select the most effective performance point of view and the way. 3. Trademark strategy. In the advertising, a trademark publicity is often occupies an extremely important position.Because people buy life data, especially consumer goods, often only knowledge trademark. In the rapidly developing society, new advertising strategies are made continually. Modern advertising strategy can be divided into quantity strategy and quality strategy two aspects. The former focuses on the form, and the latter focuses on the content. 1. The quantity strategy: Mainly refers to the number of advertising themes and objectives, how much the screen image and text, advertising appear amount and frequency, etc. 2. Quality strategy: The object of advertising is the consumer.Only to obtain the trust of consumers, advertising is easy to achieve efficiency, honest, objective, and truthful advertising to attract consumers. The five strategies are usually to use in advertising industry. It is so popular in advertising industry, how to use it better is the key of success. Making advertising strategy should be based on the general demand of target market, and should carefully analyse and research products or enterprise information, market details, consumer information, and relevant data of environment.Based on these study and data to make multiple plans, and compare with each other much times. Only in this way, the correct, scientific, creative advertising strategy is able to be made. Conclusion & Summary The emergence of commodity trade has created advertising industry, and with the development of the business, advertising industry has becomes a complex industry, a successful advertising need several industries to cooperate, such as design industry, media industry and business etc. It appears everywhere in our daily life.In the essay, three main questions are analysed: what is the relationship between the marketing and advertising, advertising management and adverti sing strategy. From the analysis to three questions, we can see the development of advertising. Through research the relationship, people know the advertising industry become more and more influent in the marketing. Studying advertising management, citizens recognize that the advertising industry is more regular and healthier. Analysing the advertising strategy, advertising has a clear direction. These are performance of advertising developing.However, advertising industry has some problem in the process of rapid development, such as deceptive advertising. These problems might be solved through the new method of advertising management or new advertising strategy in the future. Advertising is never-ending pursuit to excellence. Just like a famous advertiser said: â€Å"There is no such thing as a permanent advertising success† (Leo Burnett, 1891—1971) In the modern society, there is a rat race in every industry, advertising industry is without exception. How to compete with each other in the industry and what strategies will be used in the competition.Thus advertising compete will be focus in the following essay. Reference: American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4th Ed. (2000), New York: Houghton Mifflin Company. Bendinger, Bruce (1993), Copy Work Shop Work Book, Chicago, IL: The Copy Workshop. Bradley, John P. , Leo F. Daniels, and Thomas C. Jones (1960), The International Dictionary of Thoughts, Chicago, IL: J. G. Ferguson Publishing Co. Dean M. Krugman, Leonard N. Reid, S. Watson Dumn & Arnold M. Barban(1989) Advertising Its Role in Modern Marketing. Florida: Harcourt Brace College Publisher.Mark Tungate(2007) Adland: A Global History of Advertising, London, Kogan Page Limited Rajeev Batra, John G. Myers, David A. Aaker(1995) Advertising management, Upper Saddle River, Prentice Hall. Starch, Daniel (1923), Principles of Advertising, Chicago, IL: A. W. Shaw Company. William L. Wilkie, Dennis L. Mcneill, & Michael B. Mazis(1984) â €˜Marketing’s â€Å"Scarlet Letter†: The Theory and Practice of Corrective Advertising. ’ Journal of Marketing, Vol. 48 11-31 William Wells, Sandra Moriarty, John Burnett (1995) Advertising Principles and practice, Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education.

Dementia Gateway Essay

Our learning material is designed to help you to work towards Qualification and Credit Framework (QCF) units and will support you to work towards the Diploma in Health and Social Care at level 2 or 3. This document provides you with information about how the feature links to specific QCF units, and offers an activity which you could use to help demonstrate your learning. A general explanation about the QCF can be found at the end. Linking to Health and Social Care Diplomas at Level 2  and 3 The learning in the feature   will help you to understand and prepare for assessment in the following QCF units: Health and Social Care Diploma Level 2 Health and Social Care Diploma Level 3 SCH 021, SCH 022, HSC 026, Dem 201, Dem 202, Dem 205, Dem 308, SSMU 2.1, Dem 204, Dem 210, Dem 312, HSC 2030 SCH 031, SCH 032, HSC 036, Dem 301, Dem 308, Dem 312 Activity to support your learning The activity for can be used to provide evidence for the QCF units SCH 022 4.2 and SCH 032 5.2. To do this, copy the activity and this question into a Word document, then complete and keep a record of your answers in full there. Can you show what you’ve learnt from reading the feature and doing this activity? Answer these questions: The activities above ask you to reflect on your work or your workplace. Can you say how this reflection has improved your knowledge, skills and practice? General Explanation The Qualification and Credit Framework is a flexible, ‘mix and match’ approach to gaining qualifications.  Every unit and qualification has both a credit value and a level. The credit value shows approximately how much time it takes to complete. The level shows how difficult the unit or qualification is. In adult social care there are vocational qualifications/units from level 1 through to level 7. There are three sizes of qualification: Award (1-12 credits) Certificate (13-36 credits) Diploma (above 36 credits) In order to obtain a Level 2 Diploma in Health and Social Care you will need 46 credits for a Level 3 Diploma in Health and Social Care you will need 58 credits. At both level 2 and level 3 there are mandatory units and optional units; you can also choose to follow specific pathways: Generic qualification Dementia pathway Learning Disability Pathway When you have selected a pathway there are specific units that you need to do. More information about QCF awards can be found at: http://www.skillsforcare.org.uk

Importance of Listening

Listening is part of communication and language arts. There are fights and miscommunications because nobody has the time to listen. This is a very important tool to avoid misconceptions and misunderstanding. Careful listening gives individual good and accurate information. Every individual should develop their listening skills. Until the 1940’s, no one seems to have thought that skillful listening required any particular training. Two causes have produced a changed attitude toward listening. First, there has been enormous expansion in the means of transmitting the spoken voice: by disc record, tape recording, radio, television, sound motion pictures, and videotapes. Second, there has been increased interest in group discussion, as shown partly by the conferences, conventions, and workshops that are held, and by the many discussion programs on the air. The language system encompasses the language of listening, speaking, reading, and writing. The acquisition of these skills follows a general sequence of development: (1) listening, (2) speaking, (3) reading, and (4) writing. The different language forms have a core language system that underlies and integrates the four elements of language. Experiences with each language form strengthen the underlying language system, which in turn influences an individual’s facility in each language form. Numerous situations in everyday living require skillful listening. For example, informal conversation, social and business telephoning; interviews; taking part in conferences; listening to speeches, lectures, readings, reports, and plays; and following oral directions. From the young child, who gains much of his or her knowledge from speech activities in the classroom, to the courtroom lawyer, whose success depends largely on understanding what is said, the art of listening is a language skill vital to each person’s life and work. Good listening enlarges the listener’s command of language. Through listening to speeches, poetry, and plays, a person can gain an appreciation of literature and of the spoken language. Through reading and listening have similar problems, listeners face two special conditions. First, they must grasp the meaning at once; there is no opportunity to reflect on what was said or to go back and review it. Second, listeners are directly affected by the personality of the speaker, whose voice, gestures, and presence are often as important as the words being spoken. Thus, there are good reasons for training people to listen effectively. To be most effective, listening must meet four requirements. Listening must be focused; listeners cannot be half-hearted in their attention. 2. Listening must be exact; listeners must grasp precisely what has been said, not some vague notion of it. They must be able to take hold of the content, including the sequence of parts and their relationship to the whole. 3. Listening must be aware. Listeners must be critics as well as receivers; they must be able to distinguish the essential from the nonessential; they must be as objective as possible, alert for bias in themselves as well as in the speaker. 4.Listening must be courteous; listener owes the speaker respect and interest. In education, listening is an element of the language system that has been neglected by educators. Although concern for the instruction of speaking and reading, is common, the student’s ability to listen has been taken for granted. Students are typically expected to acquire this ability without special instructions. The fact is, however, that many students   do not acquire functional skills in listening by themselves. According to medical hearing specialists, over half the people referred to them for suspected deafness have no defect in hearing acuity and no organic pathology that would cause their seeming hearing impairment. Listening is a basic skill that can be improved through teaching and practice. Compared with the quantity of research in reading, research in listening is minuscule. One explanation for poor listening skills is that students and people today are so bombarded with constant sound that may have actually learned to â€Å"tune out† what they do not wish to hear, and they have become skillful at not listening.

A Class Divided Documentary Review

A class divided is a documentary about a teacher named Jane Elliot who teaches her students about racism first hand. She divides the students into two groups, the blue eyes, and the brown eyes. For the first day, the â€Å"brown eyed† children are not able to go to recess, or lunch at the same time as the rest of the children. They wear a blue collar around their necks so that they are obviously different at a distance from the other students. They are not allowed to drink from the same water fountains, use the playground equipment, or even play with the blue eyed children.The next day, the roles are reversed. During these two days Jane Elliot would make comments about the children wearing the collars to degrade them. She would point out if one of them wasn’t ready on time, or if they forgot something. She would say things like â€Å"That’s how blue eyed people are† â€Å"Brown eyed people are better than blue eyed people† (J. Elliot, A Class Divide d, 1985). After the children who weren’t wearing a collar noticed Mrs. Elliot saying these kinds of things, they would also chime in and begin saying things about the kids wearing the collars.Mrs. Elliot said â€Å"I watched wonderful, thoughtful, children turn into nasty, vicious, discriminating little third graders. †(J. Elliot, A Class Divided, 1985) . The movie showed the students come back for their fifteenth class reunion to talk about this life long lesson that their third grade teacher taught them. All of the students said it was a lesson they have never forgotten and something that changed their lives forever. They talked about how it affected their lives growing up, and how it affects the way they raised or were currently raising their children.Since she got done teaching, Jane has been doing trainings are conferences to teach others. Her movie A Class Divided has been shown in prisons to inmates who are trying to earn a degree. She also did training at a pri son in Iowa for the guards and other staff members. When people signed into the meeting they had to log whether they had brown eyes or blue eyes. Those with blue eyes had to wear a green ribbon. The people with brown eyes were able to go in and sit when the training was scheduled to start, where the blue eyed people had to stand out in the hall. The bathrooms were labeled â€Å"browns only†.The blue eyes weren’t told what was going on, they were just told to wait outside, and administration would come out and tell them to be quiet. Meanwhile, Jane Elliot talked to those with brown eyes and told them that they were not to allow blue eyed people to sit beside them. She told them that brown eyed people were better than blue eyed people. She said that blue eyed people were no good and the brown eyes were to treat them as such. A while after the meeting started the blue eyes were able to come into the room. They had to sit in the back, and some people didn’t even hav e a seat.During the meeting Jane talked to the people with blue eyes a lot like she did to her students 30 years ago. The reaction she got from the adults were a lot like they were in her experiment with the children, however there was one woman who was a lot more out spoken and rebellious toward Jane. Jane Elliot does a great job at not only telling people about racism and discrimination, but also showing how it affects us, and how easy it is to go with the crowd. Some of the movie takes place in a school, and this is a place where children are taught to socialize.Teachers play a huge role in how students are molded, especially at such a young age. In this day and age, I don’t think teachers really think about how much of an influence they are on their students. Most of the children spend more time with their teachers than they do with their own parents. Jane took on this role and helped her students understand that there is an issue with discrimination and taught them a val uable lesson. When this documentary was filmed not everyone was taught that the color of your skin doesn’t make up the type of person that you are.They were taught that if you are not white, you aren’t â€Å"normal†. They associated people that had a different skin color as â€Å"bad† or even â€Å"stupid†. In those times it was totally acceptable and some people sincerely believed this. Things that are social acceptable change over time and this is something that has changed in a big way. I’m not saying that everyone doesn’t care about the color of your skin. There is a lot of racism going on in our world today, but it is no where near as bad as it was forty years ago.It reflects what we are taught by our parents also. If we are taught that â€Å"black people† are bad then we are going to believe that they are, and look at all of the bad things they do. We like to be the same as everyone else; we do not like to stand out. In t he film a lot of people didn’t dare to stand up for those wearing a collar because that would require them to stand up and go against what the authoritative figure was saying. This video relates to several chapters in our sociology book, the main chapter being chapter ten, race and ethnicity.This movie focused on the struggle in our country with discrimination of those with a different skin color, concentrating on â€Å"blacks† being the minority. At the time, people thought of black people are dirty, stupid, and bad people. They didn’t think they were able to do anything as good as white people. Jane Elliot turned her classroom into a small discriminating society in a sense. She had the brown eyed students wear blue collars the first day and they were not able to do any of the same things that the blue eyed students did.She divided this class that was once a united class who played together, into a class that was split into two groups and mocked and made fun of each other, solely because of the color of their eyes. I also think we could relate this movie to chapter fourteen, where the book talks about education. Like I have stated before, teachers play a major role in their interaction with their students and how they can be molded. Jane talked about going over the phonics card packs with the brown eyed students on the day that they wore the collars around their necks and it took them five and a half minutes to get through the card pack.On the day that they didn’t wear the collar around their necks, and were treated with respect and felt as though they were sufficient, they only took two and a half minutes to get through the card pack. Jane talked about the time she performed this exercise for the second time with her third grade class. She said that the students score went up on the days where they were â€Å"on top† and went down on the days they were on â€Å"bottom†. After going through the exercise their overall scores would have a significant incline. Mrs.Elliot sent the results to Stanford University’s Psychology Department to have them study and examine why this would be so. We could also relate this video to chapter seventeen, which talks about social change: collective behavior, social movements and technology. Like I said, things that were once socially acceptable in those times are no longer acceptable now. In those days it was ok for people to say the word â€Å"nigger’ it was a term that people used for black people because that’s the term everyone else was using. Now, it is considered a derogatory word and it is not acceptable to say it.I thought that this documentary was very interesting. I loved what Jane Elliot did with her students. I wish it was something more teachers could do, but now-a-days it probably couldn’t be done because of the stink people would put up about it. I feel that some teachers spend too much time talking about topics and not n early enough actually teaching. Jane taught her students a lesson that they have remembered and will never forget. It is something that they have taught or will teach to their children. The town I grew up in was quite a bit like Riceville, Iowa. It was a small town, primarily Christians who were white.In fact, there were only two black people in our town and they happened to be two of my cousins who were adopted. From as far as I can remember I was taught that skin color doesn’t make up who the person is, â€Å"It’s what is on the inside that counts. † My cousins and I had a great relationship with my cousins and it wasn’t because of the color of their skin, or the color of mine that made the difference. I have met black people who I didn’t like, and I have met white people who I didn’t like. To me color makes no difference. I am very grateful that I was taught this lesson, and I feel and for those who haven’t been taught.I think it w ould be incredibly useful for this to be used in school. There are many other forms of discrimination other than people with different skin colors. Just because it is the form that is most widely talked about doesn’t mean it is the only one. I hope in some way, maybe not by putting collars around their necks, but I do hope that this is taught in schools through out the years. References Peters, William. (1985). A Class Divided. PBS, Frontline Benokraitis, Nijole. V. (2012). SOC, (Student Edition) Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning

Cloud Computing Grid Computing High Performance Information Technology Essay Example

Cloud Computing Grid Computing High Performance Information Technology Essay Example Cloud Computing Grid Computing High Performance Information Technology Essay Cloud Computing Grid Computing High Performance Information Technology Essay The term Cloud Computing was foremost used in 2007. It is fundamentally the development of current systems which implement grid computer science and parallel computer science. Some factors that drive cloud calculating to develop are the high quality of informations storage and transit and the visual aspect of Web 2.0. As a construction cloud computer science is based on TCP-IP which can be realized through the Internet. The coaction of engineering giants such as Google, IBM, Microsoft, Apple, Oracle, Amazon and HP, popularise this new germinating engineering. While the execution of cloud calculating might look something which will go on in the close hereafter, this rule is already being used presents. A signifier of cloud computer science is the use of web-based electronic mail services such as Gmail and Hotmail. In this instance, the package and storage for every history is non located on the user s computing machine but on the service s computing machine cloud. Other cloud calculating undertakings are the CRM by Salesforce, Google App Engine and Amazon s Elastic Compute Cloud. The features of cloud calculating are chiefly the loose-coupling, strong mistake tolerance, easiness of usage and the service oriented theoretical account. The services of cloud calculating are chiefly divided into three classs: Infrastructure-as-a-Service ( IaaS ) , Platform-as-a-Service ( PaaS ) , Software-as-a-Service ( SaaS ) . The cloud calculating theoretical account is besides a concern theoretical account, since the user requires comparatively inexpensive terminuss to entree an infinite sum of informations and with supercomputing power. Some people find it hard to separate cloud calculating from grid calculating. While an application of grid computer science is public-service corporation computer science, cloud computer science is dedicated to supply services to its clients. Furthermore, cloud computer science is more user-friendly than the grid, which is more addressed to proficient people involved in its care. Section V identifies the possible drawbacks and benefits of the security of such a system. One of the chief benefits would be the centralised storage of informations which would forestall the loss of informations from the clients terminal devices. On the other manus, the major issues related to security include the long term viability and the segregation of informations. What is Cloud Computing? Cloud Computing Principle Specifying cloud computer science is about impossible. Their exists several definitions of cloud computer science. One of the universe greatest beginning of information, Wikipedia, defines cloud calculating as the followers ; Cloud computer science is Internet-based computer science, whereby shared resources, package and information are provided to computing machines and other devices on-demand, like electricity. Cloud computer science is a practical pool of resources which are distributed dynamically to 1000000s of users worldwide through package and managed by experts. This makes the cloud a really efficient system. This service is offered to users via an application plan and therefore the users need non to hold any proficient background. The whole system is unseeable to them. Apart from resources the cloud offers services to 1000000s of users at the same time. Software-as-a-Service ( SaaS ) is one of the most powerful service provided by the cloud. The user can compare similar p ackage from different companies and take to his liking. The cloud besides offers secure and reliable informations storage. It provides the user with infinite informations storage and calculating capacity to execute all sorts of applications. In the hereafter, we will merely necessitate a portable device which connects to the cyberspace and via web service we can execute any undertaking we require. Processing power, informations storage and expensive applications will be a job of the yesteryear. The user will do usage of the cloud merely like electricity or H2O, pay-per-use. Cloud computer science, in kernel, is to do usage of package and informations on the cyberspace. Besides, it is accessible from anyplace. To understand better the cloud, one must analyse it s features into some more item. Features Identify applicable sponsor/s here. If no patrons, cancel this text box. ( patrons ) A cloud computer science system Loose Matching In a cloud, the several parts of the cloud are independent of each other and barely affect each other. The different substructures are separated in logic. The cloud is designed as a client-server theoretical account, where clients connect slackly to waiters. The users have no informations and control dependences. In a cloud, the users are independent of each other and so are the suppliers which supply the clients with services. The twosome of client with a waiter is independent of other client-server twosomes and a mistake in one twosome does non normally affect other twosomes. This makes scalability of the cloud really easy. This is non so in HPC where information dependence is cardinal. This characteristic brings us to another of import feature which is the strong mistake tolerance of the cloud. Strong Fault Tolerance Mistake tolerance engineering is critical in systems where the interval between two or more mistakes is less than the executing clip. For scientific research, the executing clip for some applications can be yearss or hebdomads. Without such mistake tolerance techniques, such research would non be possible since due to the drawn-out procedure clip it is likely that mistakes occur and it is excessively clip devouring to re-start the procedure all over once more. Hence, such mistake tolerance makes it more likely to end such research successfully. A method used for mistake tolerance is to sporadically salvage the provinces of the cloud and when a mistake is detected, the system does non necessitate to re-start the procedure all over once more, but use the last good province of the plan and continue from at that place. Besides due to the loose coupling character of the cloud, merely a few provinces of the twosome ( user and supplier ) must be stored since other minutess in the cloud are independent. In a cloud, mistakes are normally divided into four countries: Provider-Inner This mistake occurs at the supplier and a redundancy system kicks in. Servicess are restarted and different twosomes are established to avoid mistake. Provider- Across This type of mistake occurs between coaction of two or more suppliers. The dealing will so be cancelled and an mistake message will be sent back to the supplier bespeaking coaction. Then the supplier will seek to link with another supplier. This coaction is normally done for burden reconciliation intents and it taken attention of by the background direction. Provider-User Mistakes between supplier and user are the chief type of mistakes in a cloud. There are several grounds which cause such jobs, which include but are non limited to: web, congestion, browser prostration, supplier busy, bespeak time-out and besides hacker onslaught. If the mistake does non affect cardinal elements, the dealing can be cancelled and the user can seek other clip. This normally solves the job. Algorithms such as the Byzantine mistake tolerant algorithm have been developed in order to get by with such mistakes which cause nodes to act inconsistently. Some minutess affecting money and personal informations are taken attention of by such algorithms, due to their sensitive nature. Besides, Torahs to cover such state of affairss are a must. User-Across Users, apart from linking to the supplier, may besides link to other users to portion critical resources. In this context, insecure accessing of critical resources can do a pandemonium in the cloud. Their exists several degrees to protect critical resources. The supplier will intercede the difference between users. As one can see, the current engineering that has evolved helps us cover with mistakes which are comparatively easy. This guarantees the strong mistake tolerance of cloud computer science. Ease of Use The easiness of usage of the system is one of the cardinal elements in cloud computer science. The human interaction with the system is what makes the system a success or non. In cloud calculating the user experience is much better than it s ascendants like grid calculating. The cloud services are laid out in a simple and elegant manner for the user by utilizing GUI. There are several grounds why cloud computer science should be easy to utilize. Most of the cloud suppliers provide Internet based interfaces. These interfaces are normally simpler than other APIs and besides conceal the concern processing buttocks. If the concern procedure alterations in any manner, the web based user-interface can remain the same. The development of web applications have a methodical attack including user demand analysis, functional design and plan execution. When utilizing a top-down method attack, the user experience is the fulcrum of the application. The web as we know it was ab initio designed to transport hypertext, but recent promotion have led us to Web 2.0 which offer a more package like environment to net applications. This makes the Internet a distant package interface. New engineerings such as AJAX makes this software-like web applications come to world. All these promotions in user interface engineering makes the experience of the user every bit best as possible, where the user does non necessitate to worry to command the system and at the push of a button he can execute undertakings impossible earlier. Apart from the mentioned proficient features, the Cloud Computing Model, is a really economical theoretical account. The users require a few hundred Euros to purchase the terminal device which connects them to the supplier where all the substructure is available to them. Besides, overall power ingestion is much less than the current criterion Internet system, where all processing is done locally. With loose yoke and the scalability of the system it is possible to function 1000000s of users with a fraction of the processing power used by current inefficient systems. This besides means that the electrical power is reduced to a great extent. Besides this system is a win-win system both for the user and the supplier since the user besides benefits from this system. The user does non necessitate to buy expensive package, new licences, expensive hardware or control viruses ; he merely needs to pay-per-use merely like other public-service corporations. Another feature of the system is the conveyance of informations on the dependable and standard TCP/IP connexion, which besides offers high security. The security in the Cloud is achieved through chiefly 3 ways: the loose yoke, the virtualization of the system and the coaction of Law with engineering. Servicess The chief services provided by cloud calculating are the undermentioned: Infrastructure-as-a-Service ( IaaS ) Infrastructure-as-a-Service, besides known as Hardware-as-a-Service, is the offering of a computing substructure as a service. Here immense computer science resources are offered which include treating power, storage and web. An application of this type of service is the hosting of a web site. In this instance, physical infinite is being used on the waiters of the hosting company. Through cyberspace, the files in that waiter can be modified as if the waiter was located on the webmaster s computing machine. All this without purchasing any discs or even cognizing the location of the informations dealt with. Platform-as-a-Service ( PaaS ) Platform-as-a-Service is the bringing of a calculating platform. The good known illustrations are Google App Engine and Microsoft Azure Services Platform. PaaS is what connects the hardware to the applications. Software-as-a-Service ( SaaS ) Software-as-a-Service purposes at replacing the applications running on a Personal computer. A typical state of affairs where this might be utile is the buying of package in a company. Alternatively of put ining package for each computing machine, utilizing SaaS, merely one application would hold to be loaded. That application would let workers to log into a Web-based service which hosts all the plans the user would necessitate to make their occupation. This type of service makes all the applications bing available to all users and paying merely for what they use, alternatively of purchasing expensive package. However this service is non so attractive to real-time applications such as gambling, due to the hold of the web. Deployment Models There are four chief cloud calculating deployment theoretical accounts which are: the private cloud, the public cloud, the community cloud and the intercrossed cloud. In a private cloud, the cloud substructure is owned or leased by a individual organisation and is operated entirely for that organisation. The populace or external cloud is the most common deployment method. In this instance, a 3rd party organisation offers its services to an terminal user via web applications. The community cloud is shared by several organisations who portion common demands and want to portion the benefits of cloud computer science. This theoretical account is much more expensive than a public cloud since the users are much more limited, but a higher degree of security is ensured. The last theoretical account, the intercrossed cloud, is a combination of two or more clouds. Cloud V Grid Computing Although Grid calculating and cloud computer science are related, they are non the same. The rule of Grid computer science is frequently considered as the foundation for Cloud calculating. Grid calculating is based on a grid of HPCs connected together, with the cardinal construct being public presentation. Grid computer science is chiefly used for scientific research centres or in academe. The grid is designed for best treating power and lowest latency. The interconnectednesss with different HPC centres within a grid are of high quality. Normally these webs use Infiniband as a physical bed protocol, alternatively of the more widely used and recognized Ethernet protocol. InfiniBandA is aA switched fabricA communications link which features high throughput, low latency andA quality of service. It is besides designed to be scalable. The grid, unlike the cloud, offers tight matching where each portion of the systems depends on another, therefore the fast interconnectedness to interchange informations. Besides, since the grid works in coaction with all the parts, a batch of synchronism is required, which over Ethernet would take hours to accomplish. In the cloud the resources and services are supplied on demand. The grid supplies a predefined sum of processing clip and memory, which in many instances causes a batch of waste due to the surplus of resource allotment. This makes the cloud more scalable since resources are supplied dynamically. Several writers commented on the differences between these two calculating constructions. In 2008 Harris said: While Grid Computing achieves high use through the allotment of multiple waiters onto a individual undertaking or occupation, the virtualization of waiters in Cloud Computing achieves high use by leting one waiter to calculate several undertakings at the same time ( Harris 2008 ) . Harmonizing to Merril Lynch what makes Cloud Computing different from Grid calculating is: Cloud computer science, unlike grid computer science, leverages virtualization to maximise calculating power. Virtualization, by dividing the logical from the physical, resolves some of the challenges faced by grid calculating ( Merrill Lynch 2008 ) . Furthermore, there are besides differences in the typical utilizing form of these systems. While Grid is normally used for occupation executings for a limited clip, Clouds are more used to back up long-running services. Cloud Computing V. Grid Calculating Grid Cloud Meanss of Use Allotment of multiple waiters onto a individual undertaking or occupation Virtualization of waiters ; one waiter to calculate several undertakings at the same time Typical Use Pattern Typically used for occupation executing, i.e. the executing of a plan for a limited clip More often used to back up long-running services Degree of Abstraction Expose high degree of item Supply higher-level abstractions The above mentioned comparings were all from the position of the supplier. The undermentioned comparings are from a user position: Pure focal point on X-as-a-Service ( XaaS ) by Clouds While in Grid Computing, public-service corporation computer science is merely one signifier, Cloud Computing focuses strictly on XaaS offered in a pay-per-use mode. Different relationships among resource suppliers While the Grid requires all the involved parties to perpetrate themselves to the resources needed before the operation starts, in Cloud Computing this pre-agreement is non needed and the resource allotment can turn when the demand additions. Focus on different types of applications: Grid Computing is chiefly used to work out computationally intensive jobs necessitating HPC. HPC applications normally consist of batch procedures which require high calculating power for one undertaking that is run one time in a clip. This implies that Grid Computing has the aim to delegate resources from different spheres to these HPC procedures. On the other manus, Cloud Computing is instead oriented towards applications that run for good and have changing demand for physical resources while running. Different range of offerings While Grid Computing provides IaaS, Cloud Computing offers an included support for IaaS, PaaS and SaaS. Extended range of interfaces to the user The Grid interfaces are based on protocols and APIs and so it is merely useable by proficient experts. On the other side, Cloud Computing is more user friendly since it provides interfaces for terminal users over Web browser or through APIs. Execution System Structure The construction of Cloud Computing is made up of the undermentioned constituents: Client The clients consist of the hardware and package utilized by the users to do usage of the services provided by cloud calculating. Examples include: computing machines, Mobiles and web browsers. Application This fundamentally defines SaaS, where package is offered as an on-line service. Platform The platform is the nexus between the package and the hardware. Infrastructure Infrastructure refers to the hardware supplied by the supplier such as informations storage. Waiter The waiters are needed to supply services to users. This includes multi-core processors and cloud-specific operating systems. Security Many believe that the major concern with respects to overcast calculating would be security. If security policies would be uneffective, major corporations would finally be discouraged to implement cloud solutions. Data Security must guarantee confidentiality, unity and handiness, which is a major issue for companies supplying cloud services. For information to stay confidential, the informations stored by a company must merely be decrypted by this company. This means that even the other company, which is hive awaying the information in its waiters, should non be able to decode the informations. With respects to unity, no common policies exist for approved informations exchanged. The industry has assorted protocols used to force different package images and occupations. An effectual manner to keep informations security from the client side would be to do usage of thin clients that have few resources and no informations so that watchwords can non be stolen. Last but non least, the informations must besides be available. The current Amazon cloud waiters have already experienced downtime. This job can be really detrimental to clients of a cloud system. Authentication of informations should besides be ensured with methods such as watchword plus finger print or any other combination of watchword and external hardware. Seven issues which must be tackled before companies can see utilizing the computing machine cloud theoretical account are the undermentioned: A Privileged User Access The information sent from the client over the Internet is ever at hazard due to issues of informations ownership. Companies should pass clip acquiring to knowA their suppliers and their ordinances every bit much as possible. Regulatory ComplianceA Clients are considered responsible for the security of their solution since the pick of a supplier which allows to be audited by 3rd party organisations that check degrees of securityA is theirs.A Data Location Depending on contracts, some clients might neer cognize what state or what jurisdiction their informations is located.A Data Segregation Encrypted information from multiple clients may be stored in the same location, so a method to divide informations should be considered by the provider.A Recovery Every supplier should hold a catastrophe recovery protocol to protect user informations Fact-finding SupportA It is needed if a client suspects defective activity from the supplier. Long-run Viability Refers to the ability to abjure a contract and all informations if the current supplier is bought out by another firmA There are several concerns sing the dependability of cloud calculating due to its security issues. However, cloud computer science has besides its benefits with respects to turn toing informations security. A construct such as centralised information is one of these benefits.A Centralized Data refers to the attack of hive awaying everything in one topographic point. It might be insecure since if the cloud goes down, so does the service, but so it is easier to supervise. Storing informations in the cloud eliminates several jobs related to losing storage media such as pendrives, which up boulder clay now is the most common manner of fring informations in big organisations. The laptop would merely hive away a little cache to interface with the thin client, but the hallmark is done through the web, in the cloud. In the instance when a laptop is stolen, the decision makers can halt its attempted entree based on its identifier or MAC reference. Furthermore, it is better and more efficient to hive away informations encrypted in the cloud instead than executing disk encoding on all of the hardware or backup storage. Decision and Future of Cloud Computing Cloud Computing is rather a complex proficient country in information engineering. It is still in its early phases with positive and negative comments have been pointed out on its possible execution on a big graduated table. The clear constructs defined in the paper aid but still do non work out the job of design, developing and following such a system. Several groups have been late formed which study this country, such as the Open Cloud Consortium and the Cloud Security Alliance, to set up a common construction among the different suppliers. This system is based on old research in High Performance Computing, virtualization and grid computer science. This paper discusses the features which distinguish Cloud Computing from the other related research countries particularly in contrast to Grid Computing. The loose yoke and strong mistake tolerant characteristics are considered as the chief proficient features which separates cloud calculating from the remainder. It is besides easy to utilize and is more user friendly than its similar systems which are chiefly designed for proficient people. This paper besides analyses the security lacks and benefits of cloud calculating which need to be weighed before execution. As for the hereafter of cloud computer science, people are being attracted by the subject and research is being done to minimise the system s drawbacks. HPC, which is the foundation of cloud computer science, has been around for more than 10 old ages. The increasing involvement in this country indicates that cloud computer science might be radical in the long-run hereafter.