Friday, May 31, 2019

Anne Bradstreet :: essays research papers

Anne Bradstreet American PoetAnne Bradstreet is seen as a true poetic writer for the seventeenth century. She exhibits a strong Puritan voice and is nonpareil of the first notable poets to write English verse in the American colonies. Bradstreets work symbolizes both her Puritan and feminine ideals and appeals to a wide listening of readers. American Puritan culture was basically unstable, with various inchoate formations of social, political, and religious powers competing publicly. Her thoughts are usually on the reality surrounding her or images from the Bible. Bradstreets written material is that of her personal and Puritan life. Anne Bradstreets individualism lies in her choice of material rather than in her style.Anne Bradstreet was born in 1612 to Thomas and Dorothy Dudley in Northampton, England. Her father and a young man named Simon Bradstreet were chosen by the Earl of Lincoln as stewards to manage the Earls affairs. Anne, unlike many women of her time, was well educat ed and it is presumed that she had access to the Earls large library during this time. The Earls residence was know for its romantic background and this proved true in 1628 when Anne and Simon married. She was only sixteen to his twenty-five years but they were known to have a happy marriage as evidenced in To my Dear and Loving Husband where Bradstreet laments, If ever two were one, than surely we (125). In 1630, the Dudleys and the Bradstreets, along with other Puritans, sailed aboard the Arabella to settle the Massachusetts Bay Colony. These families journeyed to America as many Puritan settlers had before them, in the hopes of religious freedoms unattainable in England. In the colonies, Annes husband was frequently absent. Bradstreet still found time to write her poetry while raising her 8 children and carrying on the strenuous duties of compound life.Though Bradstreet accepted the tenets of Puritanism, anti-Puritan texts are found in her poetry in terms of religious doubts as in Meditations to her children where she speculates if the Scriptures are true or contrived. Anne Bradstreet overly deviates from traditional Puritan writings of the time by composing poetry for pleasure and self expression as opposed to writings of preaching and article of belief as was the standard. Bradstreet is not truly unorthodox in that she did not dissent from accepted beliefs and doctrine, but lived in an intensely religious, male dominated society which put in many limitations on women and their roles.

Essay --

As of September 2012, the number of states and school districts requiring online courses for high school graduation has increased, as states seek to teach students how to manage in an increasingly digital world. In April 2006, Michigan became the first state to require online learning as a requirement for high school graduation. Since that time Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, and Virginia attain legislated requirements. Georgia, New Mexico, and West Virginia recommend students experience an online learning course before graduating from high school however, it is not required. Arizona, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Michigan, Minnesota, and Utah allow students to choose online courses from multiple reliable online providers. Some local school boards in districts across the country have promoted similar graduation requirements, including Marietta City Schools in Georgia, Memphis City Schools and Putnam County Schools in Tennessee, and the Kenosha and Cedarburg School Districts in Wiscons in.Education leaders in these states and districts believe that requiring online courses as a requirement for graduation is a necessary step toward becoming college and/or career ready, because when a student graduates from high school, whether choosing a both-year or four-year college, or entering the workforce, there is the likelihood of taking an online course.According to the Education Commission of the States, most virtual(prenominal) offerings are at the high school level. Students taking individual online courses are much more common than are students attending fully-virtual secondary institutions. According to market place Data Retrieval, 15% of American high schools provide online courses some states, districts and universities host virtual high schools.In O... ...chools and parish-based Catechism courses.Catholic Online Education ProvidersEdified Online partners with Catholic schools ecumenic to provide online education resources and course offerings that exceed nation al standards and expectations. Edified has more than 80 online courses available for grades 6-12, including College Board certified AP courses. Edified Online is endorsed by the NCEA.Catholic Schools K12 practical(prenominal) is an online school comprised of resources, academic, elective and religion classes for Catholic school students. Working with a number of experts in the field of online education, Catholic Schools K12 Virtual has developed a two tiered model for online education the virtual class and the digital classroom, blending traditional education and online learning.Costs for an online course, depending on its length, range from $300 to $700 per course.

Thursday, May 30, 2019

East of the Mountains By David Gutterson :: essays research papers

This Book was written by David Guterson. He wrote another tidings which Idont know much about called Snow move on Cedars. But he wrote thisbook which I was interested in certain parts of it, such as his ideal of wantingto commit suicide, a drifter who gave him whatever help on lessening the pain,and when he talked about his pass of when he was recruited from Camp Hale. This was a good book in my opinion.This book was set in the season of fall and it was around 1997. In thebook he talked of his past when he was a little kid with his dad and when hewas growing up meeting his wife. The area was a country type place in a richapple growing region. In the republic of Washington were he goes to manymountains in the surrounding area. This was the setting of the book.There were many characters in this book. The main character of thisbook was Ben Givens a seventy- three class old retired heart surgeon. Thewhole story was set around him. Then there was his family which he talkedabout, Rac hel who was his wife which who had pass away before him, Reneehis daughter, Chris his grandson, Emma his granddaughter, Aidan his brother,and Wright Givens his father. Also he had two hunting dogs which werebrow and white Brittanies named Rex and Tristan. On his hunting trip werehe had planed on committing suicide he had met many people. A young gallus who really get along with each other, a drifter who gave him somemarijuana to ease the pain of his cancer, a veterinarian, a rancher and amigrant worker.The drumhead of this story starts when Ben wakes up from anothernight of suffering from colon cancer. This day he had planned on his huntingtrip that would ease his suffering. He had everything constitute in the morningand he made it seem like he was just going on a hunting trip. Right when hestarts his move around he gets into a car wreck destroying his car. But he is pickedup by a couple that takes him to place that Ben thinks he can rent a car from. When he finds he cant and is trying to hitch a ride he meets a man that giveshim some medical marijuana to help ease his pain. Ben gives up and goesto hunt in the near by mountains.He started out hunting the chukars with his hunting dogs.

A Environmental Issue Website :: Internet Website Analysis Environment Essays

A Environmental Issue Website Environmental issues are a boastfully concern in this day. So, I am here to tell you about a website that is geared to informing its lecturers about the environment in which we live in and why it is important. I am here to enlighten you about this website and ones associated to it, because I personally feel as if the environment is not an issue that people relate and think about quite as often as they should. I am hoping by informing my audience about this site, it will allow the reader to get to a greater extent involved with the environment and topics which involve our environment. According to Envirolink, one of the most important stories right now is as follows The largest ice shelf in the Arctic, a solid feature for 3,000 years, has broken up, scientists in the United States and Canada said on Monday. Local warming of the climate is to blame, they said -- adding that they did not have the inference needed to link the meltin g ice to the steady, planet-wide climate change known as global warming. Climate change has affected ocean temperature, salinity and blend patterns, which also influence the break-up of ice shelves in the Antarctic. Its not just as simple as it gets x degrees warmer and the ice melts this much, Mueller said. Warmer temperatures weaken the ice, deviation it vulnerable to changed currents and other forces. This is due to the climate change, and if you are interested and want to read more go the Envirolink. (Envirolink site) If you are interested and want to read more continue reading. You will find important information about Envirolink, and other similar websites such as Institute for Global Communications, and Wild North West. EnviroLink is a non-profit organization and is an online community that unites hundreds of organizations in more than 150 countries and volunteers around the world with millions of people. It is dedicated to providing easy to understand, up-to-d ate environmental information and news. At EnviroLink, they are perpetrate to promoting a sustainable society by connecting individuals and organizations through communications technologies. They offer their technologies as tools, and solutions to our ecological challenges which lie within their connection to the Earth itself.

Mother-Daughter Relationships in Amy Tan’s Joy Luck Club Essay

Mother-Daughter Relationships in Amy Tans Joy Luck Club In the Joy Luck Club, the author Amy Tan, focuses on stimulate-daughter relationships. She examines the lives of four women who emigrated from China, and the lives of four of their American-born daughters. The mothers Suyuan Woo, An-Mei Hsu, Lindo Jong, and Ying-Ying St. Clair had all experienced some life-changing horror before coming to America, and this has forever tainted their perspective on how they want their children raised. The four daughters Waverly, Lena, Rose, and Jing-Mei be all Americans. Even though they absorb some of the traditions of Chinese culture they are raised in America and American ideals and values. This inability to communicate and the hit between cultures create rifts between mothers and daughters. The hardest problem communicating emerges between Suyuan and Jing-Mei. Suyuan is a very strong woman who lost everything she ever had in China her mother and father, her family home, her first husband, and two daughters, twin baby girls (141). Yet she finds the strength to move on and still retains her traditional values. She remarries and has Jing-Mei and creates a new life for herself in America. She is the hotshot who brings together three other women to form the Joy Luck Club. The rift is the greatest between Suyuan and June. Suyuan tries to force her daughter to be everything she could ever be. She sees the opportunities that America has to offer, and does not want to see her daughter throw those opportunities away. She wants the best for her daughter, and does not want Jing-Mei to ever let go of something she wants because it is too hard to achieve. America is where all my mothers hopes lay. . .There were so many ways for ... ...ght to America (31). The trip she makes finally helps her to understand just where her mother was coming from, why she was the way she was, and she began to forgive her for all the misunderstandings they had. The rifts between mothers and daughters widen to separate them, but as the daughters get older they become more tolerant of their mothers. They learn they do not know everything about their mothers, and the courage their mothers showed during their lives is astounding. As they get older they learn they do not know everything, and that their mothers can still teach them much about life. They grow closer to their mothers and learn to be proud of their heritage and their culture. They acquire the wisdom of understanding, and that is the finest feeling to have in the world.WORKS CITED Tan, Amy. The Joy Luck Club. New York Random House, 1989.

The Integration of Science and Religion Essay -- Philosophy Religion E

The Integration of Science and ReligionAt first glance, many facets of science and religion seem to be in direct contrast with each other. Because of this, I have generally kept them confined to separate spheres in my life. I have always thought that science is based on reason and cold, hard facts and is, therefore, mark. New ideas have to be proven many times by unlike people to be accepted by the wider scientific community, data and observations are taken with extreme precision, and through journal publications and papers, scientists are held accountable for the accuracy and integrity of their work. All of these factors contributed to my view of science as objective and completely truthful. Religion, on the other hand, always seems fairly subjective. Each person has their own personal relationship with God, and even though people often fear as a larger community with common core beliefs, it is fine for one persons understanding of the Bible and God to be different from anothers. Another reason that Christianity seems so subjective is that it is centered around God, but we cannot rationally prove that He actually exists (nor is obtaining this proof of great have-to doe with to most Christians). There are also more concrete clashes, such as Genesis versus the big bang theory, evolution versus creationism, and the finality of death versus the Resurrection that light-emitting diode me to separate science and religion in my life. Upon closer examination, though, many of these apparent differences between science and Christianity disappeared or could at least be reconciled. After canvass them more in depth, science and Christianity both seem less rigid and inflexible. It is now clear that intertwined with the data, logic, and laws of scien... ...eveloped, and especially during the Enlightenment, God and religion were relegated to a lesser consumption because it was thought that science could explain everything. Now, though, the farther we plunge into science , the more questions we find that can only be answered by religion. When science and Christianity are both analyze and well understood, especially in the context of their limitations, it is possible to integrate them, or at least for them to complement each other, in my view of the world.Works CitedArmstrong, Karen. A History of God. New York Ballantine Books, 1993.Armstrong, Karen. In the Beginning. New York Alfred A. Knopf, 1996.Barbour, Ian G. Religion and Science. New York Harper Collins Publishers, 1997.Maas, A.J. Resurrection of Jesus Christ. New Advent Catholic Encyclopedia. 20 April 2003 .

Wednesday, May 29, 2019

Free Admissions Essays: This Beautiful Life :: Medicine College Admissions Essays

This Beautiful Life We go AIDS unit now. These words were utter in fragmented English by a tiny Thai woman dressed in a crisp white nurses uniform, complete with a stiff pocket-size hat perched on top of her overly styled black hair, teased and sprayed to perfection. I looked down at the nurse, somewhat startled. I certainly had non expected to be permitted to see into the gruesome reality of taboo Thai culture. I had come to Lampang, Northern Thailand with nine other American students on my first-class honours degree of several community service programs to the country. By the time we reached the Kanyalyani hospital, we had already experienced our fair share of encounters with the peculiarities of the Thai people and their constant struggle to keep attend for their country in the eyes of these young farangs (foreigners). Perhaps the reason the Lampang Kanyalyani hospital proved different was because they recognized the hospital lacking in superficial debaucher to show off, I reflected, as I glanced at the peeling white walls of the hall, mold formations prospering in the damp corners, and then over to the disarray of skew-whiff wooden chairs cluttered in the center of the cramped room full of sickly people, many of whom would not be treated for hours. This OK? confirmed the little nurse. I looked over to my friend, Alex, who was furiously nibbling on his fingernails, a sure sign that he too was nervous. We both nodded with false enthusiasm, plastering huge fabricated grins crossways our faces, a habit that we had acquired since arriving a method for concealing emotion. I took Alexs hand and gave it a reassuring squeeze as we turned to follow our guide crosswise a courtyard overrun with weeds and cluttered with piles of rocks, into a separate building. The sagging roof and high windows, splattered with mud, ( a far promise from the Four Seasons) was not a place I would want to wait to die. I took a deep breath, trembling with both fear and anticipa tion, and walked through the gateway that Alex held for me. When I first scanned the room, it was as if with selective vision. I saw things, but not the people to which they were attached. The high metal beds, the IV drops, the rasping respirator squeeze me. I moved in closer, hoping to overcome my reservations.

Marriage in 18th Century Europe Essays -- European History

Marriage in 18th Century EuropeThe study movement regarding marriage in the eighteenth century was from church to state. Marital laws and customs, once administered and governed by the church, increasingly came to be controlled by legislators who passed many laws restricting the hatful and legality of marriages. These restrictions tended to represent the interests of the wealthy and uphold patriarchal tradition. Backlash to these restrictions produced a number of undesirable employments, including promiscuity, wife-sale, and divorce. Before the eighteenth century, marriage was far less complicated. vocal consent and consumation constituted legal marriage once the knot was tied by such verbal exchanges it could not be und iodin a validated marriage was technically indissoluble. Such vows could be made, moreover, by boys the age of fourteen and girls of twelve (Outhwaite xiii). The laws that began to be passed in the 1700s were decidedly un-religious, designed mostly to protect pa triarchate and wealth. Much of the marriage laws passed during this period reflect the prevailing opinion of women as childlike, frivolous, and simpleminded. As Rousseau put it, little girls always dislike learning to read and write, simply they are always ready to learn to sew. Custom made man undisputed lord of the home (Murstein 220) and laws were passed to solidify this position Upon marriage, husband and wife became one- and that one was the man. Her land became his, as did her debts. The structure of eighteenth century society made this necessary, especially for the lower classes a familys income would be totally based on the earning provide of the man. Thus, logic dictated that he control all the finances. Even so, some of the l... ...who could not afford several licences, and a big wedding or dowry. lead marriages were very common in the first half of the eighteenth century. These were marriages performed by defrocked and disreputable ministers for cash, often through th e bars of a debtors prison on Fleet street. angiotensin-converting enzyme such minister was so successful that in the same one-year period that he performed 6000 marriages, only fifty regular contracts were solemnized in the neighboring St. Anness church. Although this practice was banned by the Marriage Act of 1753, it just goes to show that marriage and love cannot be regulated by monetary concerns. Works CitedMurstein, Bernard I. Love, Sex, and Marriage done the Ages. ???? Outhwaite, R.B. Clandestine Marriage in England 1560-1850. Hambledon Press, NY 1995. Stone, Lawrence. Road to Divorce Oxford University Press, Oxford l990.

Finding the Light in the Dark with Bipolar Disorder Essay example -- B

Finding the Light in the Dark with Bipolar Disorder Affecting roughly one percent of the population of the United States, bipolar illness has quickly become one of the leading forms of mental illness (Spearing). patch advancements in health check science and technology have allowed researchers and physicians to register its elements more clearly, the effects of bipolar disorder are tragic and often deadly. Often the negative results occur collectible to a lack of proper diagnosis some seventy-five percent of bipolar cases go untreated (Spearing). Through proper education and public awareness, this in force(p) disease can be properly diagnosed, treated and possibly cured. Bipolar disorder, as defined by the Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine, is a mood disorder that causes a person to suffer extreme stirred changes and shifts in mood. Previously known as manic-depressive disorder, bipolar disorder causes alternate periods of mania and depression. To fully understand the eff ects of this disease, it is important to comprehend the meanings of mania and depression. Merriam-Websters Dictionary defines mania as excitement manifested by mental and physical hyperactivity, disorganization of behavior, and elevation of mood. Depression, on the other hand, is defined as a psychiatric disorder characterized by an inability to concentrate, insomnia, loss of appetite, feelings of extreme sadness, guilt, helplessness and hopelessness, and thoughts of death. (Merriam-Webster). The combination of the two results in emotional chaos.Of all psychotic disorders, bipolar disorder is the most common, affecting between one and two million Americans (Spearing). While it affects males and females equally, there are a a couple of(prenominal) distinctions that can be made about those who do have it. Amongst men, early onset bipolar disorder is more frequent while there is higher(prenominal) rate of rapid cycling, mixed states, and cyclothymia in women (Wurztel 28-31). Also, acc ording to one survey, an estimated 59% of bipolar patients experienced their first symptoms when they were children or adolescents (Harakas G2). Studies show that bipolar disorder occurs in 1% of all age groups (Bipolar Survivor). Evanston Northwestern Hospital claims, There is some indication that the incidence of bipolar disorder may be increasing. While it is important to understand that bipolar disorder is a disease separa... ...ith, Gwendolyn Puryear, Ellen McGrath, Nancy Felipe Russo and Bonnie R. Strickland, eds. Women and Depression Risk Factors and Treatment Issues. Baltimore Electronic Publishing Services, 1990.Lieblich, Julia. Managing a Manic Depressive. Harvard headache Review .May-June (1994) 20-32.McAtee, Jane. Personal interview. 1 Nov. 2003.McCredie, Scott. When a Child is Mentally Troubled Warning Signs Help Parents Know When to Seek Help. The Seattle Times. 2 Oct. 2002 A7.McManamy, John. McMans Depression and Bipolar Web. 1 Oct. 2003. 2 Oct. 2003 .Merriam-We bster. Merriam-Webster Online the Language Center. 1 Oct. 2003. 2 Oct. 2003 .Pendulum Resources. Bipolar Information. 23 Sep. 2003. 2 Oct. 2003 .Spearing, Melissa. Bipolar Disorder. Bethesda, MD National Institute of Mental Health, 2003.Stuttaford, Dr. Thomas. Mania That Inspired a Genius. The Times. 29 May 2003, sec. Features, Health 8Wetzel, Mary C. Strengths and Limits Report by a Bipolar/Unipolar Self-Help Group. Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal 14 4 (Apr 91) 81-86Wurztel, Elizabeth. fluoxetine Nation Young and Depressed in America. New York Houghton Mifflin Company, 1994.

Classification Essay - Cats :: Classification Essays

There are three types of domestic cats indoor domestic cats, outdoor domestic cats, and indoor-outdoor domestic cats. Though these cats would look very similar if they were brush and sitting next to each other, they would also be very different.Indoor cats are generally very clean, since they do non have to solve for their food. The overabundance time allows them to clean and pamper themselves on a daily basis. The fact that they are usually fed on regular intervals makes an indoor cat overweight. The cats realize that they can sleep all day and still get fed once or more times a day. Also, since the cats do not work for their food, they lose their exercise time. It makes it impossible for them to burn off any extra calories they may have gotten. This type of cat generally likes a divvy up of gracious contact, since humans are the ones who pamper and feed the cats. They are use to this contact, which makes them not scared of humans. For the most indoor cats, a person d oes not have to bewilder about getting a disease from them, since the cat probably is taken to the veterinarian on a regular basis. Outdoor cats usually are pretty scraggly looking for. The fact that they have to work for all of their food causes them to get more dirty and does not allow them the time to clean themselves everyday. They are more than skinnier and are in much better shape. These cats are awake all day long looking for food and avoiding the everyday obstacles of an outdoor cat. This allows them to get multitude of exercise, but not always enough food.Outdoor cats are not usually people friendly. They are not around humans, so that they do not depend on humans enough to be friendly with people. It is probably a good thing that these types of cats do not like a lot of human contact, since more outdoor cats unlike indoor cats have not had their shots. This does not insure that they are free from diseases, so a person does not know if this cat has a disease or not.An indoor-outdoor cat is a combination of the previous two types of cats. These cats are also generally clean looking cats that are semi-dependent on humans for their food.

Tuesday, May 28, 2019

Analysis of: Guy Montag :: essays research papers

Analysis of Guy MontagHis full name is Guy Montag. People call in him Montag though. Montag is married to a depressed lady named Mildred Montag. But Montag is a sackman of ten years and is thirty years old. He also has black fuzz and black eyebrows. He takes pride in his job with the fire department. He enjoys dressing in his uniform and playing the conductor as he directs the fire hose toward burning illegal books. In his first few years working at the fire department, Montag had and even joined the firemens sport of reach animals loose and betting on which ones the Mechanical hound would demolish first.The last years, however, have caused some sort of emptiness and alienation. Maybe its because his wife is so depressed that he cant really focus. Montag is very unsure of himself and requires drugs to make him sleep. He returns home daily to a loveless marriage. He of all time draws towards the lights and conversation of the McClellan family next door. But he forces himself to re main at home, yet he watches them and wishes that he had that same happiness. Even though he is unhappy because of his married status, he becomes a friend with his neighbor Clarisse McClellan who shows him the meaning of things. Clarisse always teases Montag about not being in love. Finally, Montag comes to terms that hes not in love with his wife. He suffers guilt because he hides the books in back of the ventilator grille and for failing to love his wife. Interested in books, Montag forces Mildred to read with him. His enjoyment for companionship drives him to Professor Faber who he can trust to teach him. While Montag faces the burning of the old women, his companys first human victim, he faces a predicament of keeping his job or leaving it.

Margaret Atwoods Surfacing Essay -- Margaret Atwood Surfacing Essays

Margaret Atwoods SurfacingThroughout the book the fabricator constantly intertwines the past andpresent as though it is side by side. Atwood shows this in theopening sentence I heapt believe Im on this road again. The useof the adjective again reveals the narrator has been in this placein an earlier life. The narrator suck upms to repress a lot of her pastand continuously contradicts herself, which at times confuses thereader as we can not tell whether she is talking about her past or herpresent and whether she regards it as home as she says Now were onhome ground contrary territory. This links in with one of the key segments in the story between theAmericans and the Canadians that is portrayed throughout the book. This paradoxical declarative reveals that the protagonist feels sheshould belong at that place but feels detached from this childhood place,suggesting she may feel alienated from this place revealing somethingoppressive about this home ground. Also David is the key p erson whoemphasizes this division between the Americans and Canadians. On pagethree David stresses Bloody fascist pig Yanks, reiterating thestereotypical Canadian disliking of the Americans, using his usualhostile, aggressive language. Ironi titley David seems to be thefascist pig being the unpleasant chauvinistic pig. The use of theadjective foreign links in with the division of language betweenFrench and English that we see later in the book. In chapter 2 we see that there is a clear division between thenarrator and any emotions. We see that the narrator is emotionallydetached from her husband and her child as she left him in the city,that would be perfectly true, only it was different city he... ...ust them, I cant conceptualiseof anyone else I like better, but right now I wish they werenthere. This shows that the narrator is showing her regrets forbringing them with her reiterating her distrust in them. We also begin to see the narrators distrust in those who are closestto he r, her family. When she begins to reminisce on the past sherefers to her family with the third person pronoun they for examplewhen she says they used to go over it as fast a possible then laterrealizes this mistake she is making and states that wont work, Icant call them they as if they were somebody elses family.However the tables are turned as we the readers begin to realize thatit is the protagonist that we are unable to trust. This is due to theprotagonists constant self contradictions and self corrections as shesays my husband, my former husband.

Analysis of: Guy Montag :: essays research papers

Analysis of Guy MontagHis full name is Guy Montag. People call him Montag though. Montag is marry to a discourage lady named Mildred Montag. But Montag is a fireman of ten years and is thirty years old. He also has shadowy hair and black eyebrows. He takes pride in his job with the fire department. He enjoys dressing in his uniform and playing the conductor as he directs the fire water toward burning illegal books. In his first few years working at the fire department, Montag had and even joined the firemens sport of setting animals secrete and betting on which ones the Mechanical hound would demolish first.The last years, however, have caused some sort of emptiness and alienation. Maybe its because his wife is so depressed that he cant really focus. Montag is very unsure of himself and requires drugs to make him sleep. He returns home daily to a lie withless marriage. He always draws towards the lights and confabulation of the McClellan family next door. But he forces himsel f to remain at home, yet he watches them and wishes that he had that same happiness. Even though he is unhappy because of his marital status, he becomes a friend with his neighbor Clarisse McClellan who shows him the meaning of things. Clarisse always teases Montag about not being in love. Finally, Montag comes to terms that hes not in love with his wife. He suffers guilt because he hides the books in back of the ventilator grille and for failing to love his wife. Interested in books, Montag forces Mildred to read with him. His enjoyment for knowledge drives him to prof Faber who he can trust to teach him. While Montag faces the burning of the old women, his companys first human victim, he faces a dilemma of memory his job or leaving it.

Margaret Atwoods Surfacing Essay -- Margaret Atwood Surfacing Essays

Margaret Atwoods SurfacingThroughout the book the narrator constantly intertwines the past andpresent as though it is emplacement by side. Atwood shows this in theopening sentence I give the gatet believe Im on this road again. The useof the procedural again reveals the narrator has been in this placein an earlier life. The narrator instructms to repress a lot of her pastand continuously contradicts herself, which at times confuses the reader as we rouse not tell whether she is talking about her past or herpresent and whether she regards it as situation as she says Now were onhome ground foreign territory. This links in with one of the recognise divisions in the story between theAmericans and the Canadians that is portrayed throughout the book. This paradoxical declarative reveals that the adorer feels sheshould belong there but feels detached from this childhood place,suggesting she may feel alienated from this place revealing somethingoppressive about this home ground. Also David is the key person whoemphasizes this division between the Americans and Canadians. On pagethree David stresses Bloody fascist pig Yanks, reiterating thestereotypical Canadian disliking of the Americans, using his usualhostile, aggressive language. ironically David seems to be thefascist pig being the unpleasant chauvinistic pig. The use of theadjective foreign links in with the division of language between cut and English that we see later in the book. In chapter 2 we see that there is a clear division between thenarrator and any emotions. We see that the narrator is emotionallydetached from her husband and her child as she left him in the city,that would be perfectly true, only it was different city he... ...ust them, I cant thinkof anyone else I like better, but right now I wish they werenthere. This shows that the narrator is showing her regrets for livery them with her reiterating her distrust in them. We also begin to see the narrators distrust in those who are closestto her, her family. When she begins to reminisce on the past sherefers to her family with the third person pronoun they for typefacewhen she says they used to go over it as fast a possible then laterrealizes this mistake she is making and states that wont work, Icant call them they as if they were somebody elses family.However the tables are turned as we the readers begin to realize thatit is the protagonist that we are unable to trust. This is callable to theprotagonists constant self contradictions and self corrections as shesays my husband, my former husband.

Monday, May 27, 2019

Philosophy that was born during the Renaissance Essay

valetitarianism is a philosophy t palpebra was born during the conversion, beginning in Florence in the last decades of the fourteenth century. The theory introduced new styluss of persuasion that allowed people to question and interpret the Bible any federal agency they wish. Prior to Hu existenceism, people lived their lives under the impression that it was all to serve god. It wasnt until people began victorious an concern in the work of Greek philosophers that true appreciation of human life became app bent. Humanism inspired people to believe that their life was opineingful and that they were capable of to a greater extent than just working to please God.The key principle of the theory was that human beings be not plain to God or any divine agency. They engender no obligation to love, fear or obey any such supernatural agent. (Victor A.Gunasekara) When the importance of human life prevailed, there was no longer a strained ghostlike information of earth and society an d this is when the freedom of art and self-expression truly took frame. Art was no longer a way of glorifying God, but a way of present individualism and creativity indoors onenesss self.The origins of Humanism can be found in the Golden date of Greek Philosophy. Xenophanes (580 BCE) said, If cattle had men and drew pictures of Gods, Gods would look like cows making it patent that Gods atomic number 18 of our own making. When Protagoras (450 BCE) wrote, Man is the measure of all things, of things that argon that they are, and of things that are not that they are not. he was acc utilize of impiety and was banished for creating such freethinking sentiments that would be considered thoroughly unorthodox for his time. His words are metaphorical of us knowing the world by our own proportion, from our point of view. He crafted the idealistic principle of human perception that shaped the humanism philosophy we know today.Humanism was not limited to cordial thoughts and ideas on th e value of human life, but shown physically through a spectrum of art mediums. The theory shaped various aspects of reincarnation art including the content, style and open matter of all art forms.During the middle ages, well before Humanism took form, art was notable for glorifying and praising God. During this time, all art was assigned from the church and so the subject matter consisted of mainly scriptural themes, stories and characters. Within these paintings, man wasnt portrayed with anatomical accurateness, but as a small, off scale and lowly element next to a much larger religious figure. Within al to the highest degree all of Middle Age ar cardinalrks, biblical figures were seen is the nigh force playful and most important and so they were made to look exceedingly larger than people or children, who were painted on a much smaller scale. The importance of these religious figures was also shown through height and placement indoors the picture.They were often painted high than oppo range figures, adding to the everywhereall impersonal and symbolic outlook of Middle Age art. Because most of the work at this time was so religious, people werent able to connect and view art for the purpose of enjoyment, but for worshiping a higher presence. Take the Ognissanti Madonna (1310) for example. The painter, Giotto, casts Mary and her son with saints surrounding them. Theyre portrayed as very large, while everyone else in the painting is very small. Neither of the two are life size nor are they anatomically accurate. However the most obvious aspect within the painting is the overstated size of the two most important biblical figures, Mary and Jesus. This was the conventional style of Middle Age art. The value of human life was never considered, nor was it illustrated through paintings or scratchure.During the late 14th century, Artists began looking at natural depictions of the world and superannuated pagan culture. The notion of human form that character ized chivalrous art was supplanted with the concept of full anatomical accuracy. With the solemnization of human life, precision of the human body within paintings and sculptures became a crucial part of depicting the realistic perception within art, one that was not justify by any singular religious context but ones desire for perfection. People began painting secular subjects and portraying man with the same importance that was used for religious figures within the Middle Ages.When the prominence of human life prevailed, people began taking an inte difference in the accurate act of human characters. This provoked a range of pictorials to be created in parallel with the human form, reflecting the remainderd and symmetrical form of the human body in art. Artists began creating precise proportions or the golden base in disposition to establish symmetrical and harmonious composition within a varied spectrum of art mediums.The Golden Mean is the desirable middle surrounded by tw o extremes and is given the number Phi(= 1.618033988749895) Commonly known as the divine proportion to Renaissance artists, the Golden Mean was used for atheistic appeal and balance within architecture, but was often used effectively for other visual art forms, such as paintings or sculptures. Collective to the Greek mentality, the golden take to be was considered an attribute of beauty that included symmetry, proportion and harmony.The Golden Mean can be derived with a number of geometric constructions, each of which divides a line separate at the unique point where the ratio of the whole line (A) to the large atom (B) is the same as the ratio of the large segment (B) to the small segment (C). (http//www.goldennumber.net/golden-section/) Paintings, buildings and sculptures adapted and drew inspiration from chaste papist structures (a time when the Golden Mean was recognized To Greeks as dividing a line in the extreme and mean ratio) during the High Renaissance close in order to interlace the crucial ascetic appeal that was desired when Humanism was at great interest.High Renaissance style architecture conventionally begins with Donato Bramante (1444-1514) who built the Tempietto at S.Pietro in Montorio, Rome in 1510. The Tempietto is an attempt at reconciling Christian and humane ideals. With no limitations of Humanism on any particular art medium, Michelangelos sculpture of David in (1501) is a perfect example of its boundless effect on accurately transport the human body with precise proportions and measurements. Other works relating to Humanism included The Birth of Venus (1485), by Botticelli.Prior to Humanism, the majority of art appeared two dimensional or flat. These artists were one of the first to begin adding vast details and highlighting the illusion of space, form and dimension in all art mediums. Combining these and taking into mind perspective (the notable technique of all Renaissance artworks) they ultimately crafted the image of humani st art molding the backbone of the High Renaissance. In order to embrace this philosophy within art, artists needed to explore the relationship amongst the human body and mathematics. These artists are one of the many from the High Renaissance period to articulate this relationship physically through multiple art forms.Before the High Renaissance, there was Early Renaissance. During the mid 14th century, architects such as Leon Battista Alberti and Flippo Brunelleschi began taking an interest in proportion. The concept was that a building should be fitted together with such proportion and connection, that nothing could be added, diminished or altered, but for the worse.(Alberti) The insurrection theory of proportions was looked into by a number of artists and many architects such as Alberti and Brunelleschi over a long Period of time, but it wasnt until Leonardo da Vincis Vitruvian Man (1490) that people started to take it seriously. Not limiting himself to just art, but exploring the realms of math, music and science, da Vinci used his experience and knowledge to establish the affiliation between art and mathematics. Some would say that his work acted as a catalyst towards the start of the High Renaissance and that he was able to pave the way for painters, sculptures and architects that were interested in creating realistic dynamics of human proportion within their art medium.When Michelangelo was commissioned in 1501 by the Board of Works for Florence Cathedral to sculpt David from marble, he used the opportunity to illustrate the true growth of the art movement and the influence of Humanism on various art forms. Michelangelo works against the medieval concept of humanity, a time where man was seen as sinful, immoral and born of dirt. He shows David before the fight, highlighting his ability as a human to fox conscious decisions and a choice to commit himself to act. This depiction of man is one who can become godlike through his own intellect and power of will.Compare this David to Donatellos David, made out of bronze during the 1440s. Donatello depicts David as a young boy, looking rather effeminate in a shepherd hat and boots. Hes shown with a smug smile and his foot on Goliaths severed head subsequent to the battle. Donatellos version of David is an interpretation of the biblical text. His maidenlike like physic serves the purpose of clarifying that his triumph in throwing the stone at Goliath was not of his own doing, but rather Gods will. He is created very close to the biblical story, having hat and boots typical of a shepherd, where as Michelangelos Davids complete nudity shows how he has stripped or so all biblical context from him, focusing entirely on the human entity.He is no young, scrawny boy that follows God blindly, but a man with the ability to make his own choices and fight his own battles. His full nudity shows the true beauty of the human anatomy, which fascinated Michelangelo. Not only has his work shaped the perception of humanity through symbolic catalysts, but through the riveting recreation of the human form with accurate proportions, illustrating the perfect use of the golden mean. It is clear up that a grave amount of thought and work went into creating an accurate insight towards the human body. Davids hands and upper body are made slightly larger in order for the human form to look accurate and proportional when seen from the ground. The truthful portrayal of vein and muscle within the body highlights the human-centred elements within the sculpture.In contrast to this, Donatellos David looks quite unusual and incongruous, although he was sculpted at a younger age than Michelangelos David, their anatomical differences are distinct in a way that cant go unrecognized. Donatellos work shows shoulders and a chest that are diminutive and slightly disproportioned to the rest of the body. Prior to Humanism, there wasnt this striving focus for anatomical excellence within art for anyon e unless they were a religious character holding the supremacy over man kind that everyone once believed they had. His work on David provided the humanist vision with its first and most prevailing artistic expression. Hes shown as a powerful and heroic man, not a smug boy as shown in Donatellos sculpture.The Birth of Venus, painted by Bottichelli in 1486 is a jubilance of Renaissance Humanism, depicting the unspotted myth. The picture is very calming and somber, focusing on the true beauty of Venus with warm and soft tones. Venus, Goddess of Love, is shown emerging from the ocean on a shell, parallel to the story of her birth. There is an emphasis on sea imagery that was used to please church authorities. Zephyr and Chloris are blowing her to the shore with wind, amongst a shower of flowers, while a Nymph, Flora, is reaching out to cover her naked body with a cloak. The nudity of Venus was very wrongful at the time primarily, pictorials of naked women were only shown through por trayals of Eve but here Venus stands completely naked and not in a biblical context. In a time when almost all artwork wasof Christian theme, the honest portrayal of Venus and the secular imagery had a crucial have-to doe with on High Renaissance art and was a catalyst for other artists to explore humanistic elements within their work. Venus, the goddess of love is depicted in human form with such magnificence and accuracy that humanist themes are not suggested, but a manifest to Botticellis audience.Godly figures began taking form of earthly beings and showing the true exquisiteness of the female body. There is a de-emphasis of deep space in order to stress the sense of pattern and beauty that defines the painting. Flora is not loose the cloth for just modesty, but giving her the veil of wisdom. She shows us how great intellectual gifts are always concealed from plain sight.Botticellis portrayal of the female body is used to further drive ideas of Humanism. Her physique is quite an accurate and refreshing portrayal compared to earlier years were nudity was not hitherto established in non biblical paintings. Her stomach is a truthful portrayal of what a women with some muscle tone in her abdomen would have, the legs and arms are somewhat shapely, showing the female body in its most natural form. Venus in this painting is both humble and pure. Its plausible that one of the main themes within this painting, second to Venuss birth is the idea of beauty.The picture has a decorative part to it not only does it showcase the actual change in art during the High Renaissance, but its symbolic of a rich classical history, reinvention and an earthly world view. It is through The Birth of Venus, and many other High Renaissance paintings, where the true impact of Humanism is made clear. Artists would incorporate Greek and Roman mythology as apposed to writing and painting about biblical texts. This was because humanists off-key to the classics for inspiration, and so these were often the themes of High Renaissance art. The inspiration of Greek Philosophers inspired those within this period to strive less for divinity. This painting is one of the many to depict Roman or Greek deities, other famous works include Mars and Venus and The School of Athens.One of the most outstanding changes during the High Renaissance period was Architecture. The statement that man is the measure of all things is mirrored within different art mediums, showing a great point of difference within humanist and non-humanist architecture. Humanism meant that architects built not only churches, but palaces and buildings exposing ideals of classical styles.Humanism gave people a chance to look for inspiration from ancient Greeks and thence buildings took influence from the Ancient Classic period. One of the highlights in High Renaissance Architecture is the Tempietto, built in 1502 by Donato Bramante. The building marks the crucifixion site of St Peter and follows selected traditions from the Christian building the Martyria while employing classical principles that create a geometric ideal. Both ancient Greeks and ancient Romans employed the circular plan that governs the perception of the Tempietto.The devotion to symmetrical perfection makes it clear of Bramantes conscious decision to recreate this in a way that is not only true to the humanist theory, but one that depicts the thoughts of the ancient roman writer Vitruvias, who studied and wrote about architecture and correct proportions within it. Bramante is really following this line of thought with the Tempietto. Hes created a radial building with a round structure that is very dissimilar to the traditional crucifix form of church, which is based on the ancient basilica. His work is considered almost nothing short of architectural brilliance, due to his innovative techniques at changing the orthodox designs of churches and buildings.The building is the perfect example of the relationship between ideal ancient geometry and the divine. Geometry was thought by the ancient Greeks and again later in the Renaissance to be a vehicle in which we can bet the perfection of heaven. The Tempietto is a building that truly celebrates Humanism. Its believed to show how man can pass water exemplars on earth of the perfection of the heavenly, using correct geometric structures and symmetrical portrayals. This is similar to that of the golden mean, while relating to the work of Michelangelo and Botticelli, where Humanism was celebrated through the accurate portrayal of the human form.The Humanist theory allowed Bramante to make these changes within architecture he drew inspiration from classical traditions while making his own original decisions to enhance the symmetrical nature of the Tempietto. His work is similar to that of classical origins, but he allowed for variation. Greek and Romans would not put pilaster that pairs with the columns of the building, however Bramante did. By alig ning the true columns with the false columns, he was able to maximize the radial quality and overall centrifugal theme of the building. The Tempietto shows a rhythm, one that was definitely inspired by classical antiquity, the Doric Order in particular.The columns of the Tempietto are a roman variant of the first level of the Coliseum. Depicting the styles of the Doric Order, there are triglyphs and metopes above the columns. Mitchell Beazley was literal when he wrote The emphasis here is on the harmony of proportions, the comfort of volumes (cylinder, hemisphere) and the sobriety of the Doric Order. The circular plan symbolizes divine perfection. Inspired by ancient temples, the Tempietto is both a homage to antiquity and a Christian memorial.Humanisms see on architecture was one of the largest. Despite differing in architectural elements, different styles of columns were explored throughout all High Renaissance architecture, utilizing techniques that show proportion and highligh ting themes of classical tradition. Nearly all buildings constructed after Humanism follow these principles and show a vivid influence of ancient Greek and Roman cultures. The Humanist movement allowed architects to make changes in what they were creating. They drew inspiration from classical architecture, traditions and even philosophies and refabricated it within new architectural masterpieces that shaped the Humanist theory in many inconceivable ways.Alberti and Brunehlleschi were a crucial aspect in the innovation of humanist architecture. They were no Greek philosophers, however they employed the idea of symmetrical excellence and inspired the creations of many famous and prominent buildings including the Tempietto itself. Many great architects of the high renaissance period such as Bramante and Michalangelo were captivated by this idea and were thus able to shape traditions and techniques to produce the conventional high renaissance architecture style that were accustomed to today. Inclusive to classical traditions, architects began taking the beauty of human proportions and reflecting it through architecture, similar to the way humanist painters and sculptors depicted the human form with symmetrical perfection.Humanism was noted for 3 things. The revival of classical Greek/Roman art forms and styles, faith in the nobility of man as apposed to pure worship of religious or god-like figures and finally the appreciation of the human body, that influenced almost all artists and architects of the era to portray this accurately in their work. Humanism shaped the art of the High Renaissance period through a change in architectural style and content subject matter of paintings and sculptors and a difference in the anatomical structure and proportions of man.People became important and an appreciation for human life fell apparent through a range of art where human history and perspective was no longer considered sinful, but was explored multiple times with a ran ge of artists. Humanism provoked the canvas of classical and mythological traditions. Paintings began to depict Roman or Greek deities. Biblical figures no longer subjugated artworks with height and proportion, but became equal to man. Sculptors began creating humanist characters that were strong and noble, architects began referring to classical and ancient antiquity for new innovation towards humanist architecture the freedom of thought and self expression was at its highest.

Miracles Essay

Examine key concepts of miracles and philosophical reasons to bank in them. Miracle is an event that goes against usual of temperament or be to break the law of science. Hume defined miracles as a violation of the laws of nature and consequently rejected their occurrence as both improbable and impractical. Many philosophers back up this view up to a certain extent, such as Wiles. However doubting Thomas rejects Humes credit lines due to the lack of belief of peoples testimonies to be true. Hume (1771-1776) was initially known as an intellectual for his literary works.He was an empiricist, which means that he believed that gaining knowledge from the world from observation and experience is more reliable. Humes first argument is the most important point in arguing reasons for believing in miracles. If you interpret the laws of nature to be strict and rigid, then it makes sense that if anything breaks these boundaries, then they should be classed as a miracle. Hume links the breaki ng of a law of nature to the Deity, so a miracle has religious meaning. For example it stated in the Bible in the case of Jesus raising Lazarus from the dead.But this was more of an eyewitness mistake, than an act that violated fixe laws of nature for Hume. Therefore a violation of the laws of nature was an improbable occurrence and is unbelievable. Wiles agrees with Humes point that it is more likely the eyewitness was wrong than a miracle occurred. This would make God whimsical as this would show clear favouritism by creating miracles opus others were suffering. Wiles claims that miracles present an obstacle to religious faith people are beingness asked to believe in omnibenevolent and omnipotent God who fed 5000 people but does cipher about world starvation today.A God who intervenes selectively would not be worthy of worship beca engage of his failure to act on a wider scale. However Aquinas disagrees with Hume. Around five hundred years earlier, Thomas Aquinas (1225-1275 CE ) married the two ways of knowing Theology (faith), philosophy (reason) and concluded that both behave from God (contained Revelation). He had offered a similar definition of a miracle to that of Hume, defining it as, those things which are done by Divine power apart from the order principally followed in things.However, he actually differed from the latter Humes definition as he said miracles were also Those events in which something is done by God which nature could never do. , Events in which God does something which nature can do, but not in that order. And When God does what is commonly done by the working of nature, but without the movement of the principles of nature. he allowed for the possibility of miracles to occur within the system of native activity. Aquinas also allowed for the possibility that Gods activity with the natural realm, may be part of the median(prenominal) order of things.Similarly, Swinburne also disagrees with Humes idea of what an improbable eve nt is. Whilst for Hume this means an event which it would be foolish to suggest occurs at all, such as walk of life on water, Swinburne argues that miracles are more probabilistic such as picking out a red grain of sand, highly unlikely but not totally impossible. Therefore we are able to claim that it is possible to believe in miracles. Agreements on what constitutes a law of nature are that people do not come back to life several days after having died, gravity, orbit of the planets, amputees do not grow limbs.However an argument based on logic and reasoning is John Hicks. He defines natural laws as generalisations formulated respectively to cover whatever has, in fact happened. In other words natural laws must be widened as and when new discoveries are make. For example the first time when humans were able to walk on the moon (1960) and travel in space would been defined as a miracle in the past as it goes against the law of gravity. Thus it is possible to believe in miracles.H umes second reason for rejecting miracles is presented in his practical argument. He considered levels of education to be a significant factor as miracles were only(prenominal) reported to have occurred by those who were not educated becoming to understand the scientific explanation of an event. He also highlighted how the early history of countries is full of miracles and visions due to the ignorant and barbarous populations, such as the very recollective life of Adam. However as the country becomes more developed and the populations better educated such stories disappear.Therefore for Hume Adam living to 930 was simply a story made up by the uneducated, as living so long would suggest the laws of nature to be false. In conclusion Hume believes that miracles are violations of the laws of nature and that they are only experienced by uneducated people who do not understand science. Aquinas and Swinburne rejected this view, believing the laws of nature to be corrigible.Overall it i s possible to believe in miracles as we cant argue that they dont exist and we can also reject miracles and say they do not exist as thiswould conclude that God is arbitrary and it would violate the laws of nature. To what extent do criticisms undermine belief in miracles? One issue that immediately comes to mind is how one begins to distinguish between a miracle and a coincidence? One could say that the distinction is that the former is always the work of God but then does this rule out the possibility of any coincidences being in some way Gods work as well? Not necessarily. However, in order for a miracle to be validated as such we are usually looking for that which is not of the ordinary.Thus it seems that in order for one to validate and observe miracles as supra-natural phenomena they may need to be considered along the lines of the Humean definition as a transgression of a law of nature. Hume believed that the occurrence of a miraculous event was always a violation of the laws of nature. However, his argument does not preclude the possibility of a miracle occurring and this allows for an interesting development in our understanding of miracles. There can be no satisfactory proof that a miracle has occurred.No atheist would claim that God has performed a miracle and the certification of any religious person who claims a miracle has occurred is declared insufficient grounds for belief as they have an a priori interest in proving this to be the case. On the other hand if an atheist were to claim that they had witnessed a miracle then, according to the Humean definition, this may be sufficient grounds to believe a miracle had occurred. People are assessing the analogous phenomena yet using the word miracle ro mean different things.The religious person uses it to mean a work of God which transgresses the laws of nature whilst the rationalist is using it to mean an ludicrous event which can be explained by rational means. Disagreements between religious peo ple and rationalists are not about whether a miracle has occurred, but between their use and understanding of the word miracle itself. In conclusion criticisms undermine belief in miracles to a minimum extent as we can not fully overthrow the existence of miracles and therefore it is possible to believe in them.

Sunday, May 26, 2019

How the media has affected the youth Essay

What is personify picture?It is the subjective picture or mental image of iodins own body.People view their bodies variously thats what makes an individual to score his or her own unique style of dressing.People pick up different styles from different places some have a disconfirming impact while others positive.Body image includesIt takes time for some one to come up with an image that can be spotted a mile away by anybody.Some points to note atomic number 18 how we supposeing at our bodies visually, the happening we get from our visible coming into court, the sense of how others view our body image and how much we are connected to our bodies.Why body image is important?A simple explanation as to why body image is a priority to lot is because they want to go through present open and admirable to the rest. Women spend hours in the mirror trying to practice bulge the best way to dress or apply make up. They end up wasting a lot of time trying to pitch themselves unlik e men who some of them do not own even a mirror in the house.If some one has a poor body image this can adversely take up the psyche introduceing to an increase in weight and no control loss of control of their bodies.This low ego esteem have driven many to look for options so as to boost their body confidence. Some opt to do dieting, exercising lot, laxative abuse, vomiting, roll of tobacco and use of steroids in order to control weight/bodywhich is dangerous and leads to negative body image.A quote may can relate with there is always a vicious circle here the more a person focuses on his or her body, the worse a person tends to feel somewhat how he or she looks-obsession leads to discontent.The human body thrives through compliments from different people this makes a person feel satisfied with the way they look. disconfirming compliments tend to make some one feel depressed and feel unwanted by the people surrounding them. Good comments about a persons body image fuel the ir inner beauty and how they look at the world in general.A lady wants to be told she look amazing each now and then so that she can feel powerful which triggers her mind that she has control of her body entirely.But if a lady receives spoilt comments relating to how she looks her mind is set that no one likes her and she not worth looking at this is what leads people to do plastic surgery and the recent trend which is bleaching.How to rear a body image?When growing up body image was never an issue because our parents dressed us the way they knew best. Some times a child could wear all colors at the same time that prompted criticism from the friends.At a certain age thats when a person starts to develop his or her own style. The most common was by watching how other people were dressing and how they looked with a hairstyle or shoes that defined their identity.The people around us mostly our friends help to develop our body image, conversations about clothes, looks and attractiven ess provide a context for paying attention to interpreting appearance related information.Friends are very important in body image development because of the sheer add together of time involved, the value of friendships and the way in whichfriends constitute shared norms and expectations about appearance.The MediaThis is the most powerful tool that has contri stilled significantly. This is through the various forms of media in the society for example Magazines, earnings (social media platforms available), Television and Radio.Many youth look up to different celebrity figures mostly in the entertainment industry the musicians and movie actors/actresses. I carried out a study to see to what extent the celebrities affect a person image and the results were astonishing.A lady from Nairobi who chose to be anonymous said that she looks up to Vera Sidika who is a famous socialite in Kenya who has earned her notes through strutting her body. The lady claimed that anything Vera wears is what she will wear just to look like her. I asked her about if she was going to bleach her skin because her mentor has already through that. The reply I got was surprising I have already booked an appointment to with a specialist so that I can get it through with(p), she said. Do you know the reppurcations that are there for bleaching your skin? I asked her. I dont care as long as I look like Vera Sidika its fine by me onlymore its my life and I can live it the way I want, she said.This shows that many people are been lead a stray to do extreme and crazy things so that they can fit in the society and in the limelight whereby they must look cool. This is one of the negative effects of the media in establishing a persons body image.another(prenominal) negative effect is the modes of dressing most Kenyan ladies are donning insufficient dresses so as to impress and attract the opposite sex. This is causing a lot of noise from the Kenyan men who are saying the women are out to get the m.The women seem not to be relenting and they even wear skin tights that reveal all the curves on their body. It might seem fashionable but our ancestorsturn on their graves by the sight of these ladies who claim to be trendy.The negative effects heavily outweigh the positive effects of the media but there are good contributions to the society. The media enables us to get new information about many things. There are programmes on television that talk about the hale living styles, how to control/check your weight, better eating habits and dangers of using extreme methods to boost ones body image.A young man who I got the chance to socialize with said that his idol was Kanye West a United States rapper who is always on the limelight for wearing man skirts. Many have copied the trend and have started wearing these types of clothes ignoring the social effects it will have on them. Their only main concern is to look cool in the wears.Here is further explanation on the effects ca employ by different types of media platforms1. TelevisionOur minds are made in a way that we are attracted to colorful and extraordinary things. The television is a powerful device that can build or destroy a persons image. When celebrities wear any type of cloth it forthwith becomes a fashion trend and everybody wants to dress like so and so. For example if a famous singer wears a piece of sack of gumboots on a hot sunny day the youth will emulate that style instantly.Before the television revolutionized people live the youth of the early days used to dress appropriately barely showing their thighs or cleavage. It is considered fashionable to wear the latest designer clothes and a certain style, if you dont you are considered a fashion outcast who doesnt have any taste plus lacks the hype of being cool.2. MagazinePublications have a firm get by on the minds of the youth, which made them likezombies following things blindly without asking questions. Ladies do to the extreme of cutting f aces of models in the magazine and replacing them with their pictures so that they can feel good about themselves. This does not improve ones self esteem one bit but instead creates a cloud of belief that can be blown away by a single negative comment from some one. You find the youth have a number of style magazines that they chit-chat before wearing anything or choosing a particular hairstyle. The youth tend to forget that we were all born differently with unique qualities that no one else has making us stand out to the rest of the world.3. InternetThis is the domain that has constantly dictated how we live our lives and will continue doing so as long as the world is becoming more and more technological.This is a platform where you can find anything you search for example how to bleach ones skin, the best way to seduce a man through the mode of dressing and the latest fashion trends among other many more sites people visit.The main contributor to the widespread use of the Interne t is the easy access to the youth and its simplicity to maneuver it.Recommendation Ways to boost a persons body.Some ways in which a person can boost his or her appearance is by blocking out all that is advertised or shown in the television or messages from the radio. Another way is to stay off the scale it is not a good attitude to always climb on a weighing scale every time to feel good about your body image. Have a positive attitude of telling yourself I feel good.Realize that you cannot change your body type and appreciate and accept your genetic inheritance. Avoid as much as possible comparing yourself with others, you are physiology unique because you can able to sense your bodys ineluctably and abilities and research show that too much comparing leads to anegative body image.Move and enjoy your body which makes it feel at peace, strong, and energized plus involving yourself in activities such as swimming, dancing and biking so as to have control of your body.The other recomm endation is to reduce the amount of time spent in looking at the mirror everyday because the more you spend lots of time in front of the mirror this charges the negative body image.Spending time with people who have a healthy relationship with food and their bodies is another sure way to boost your body image. This goes a long way to nurturing your inner self, which builds up self-esteem for both men and women.ConclusionA persons image can only be affected if he or she pays attention to the media and all that is trending. Feeling good about one self is the only key and ammunition one needs to survive in this world of discouragers by focusing on their own image development without minding what other people say.We were all born wonderfully with perfections image and it is not right to corrupt our images through chemicals or plastic surgeries to look like some one else on earth.

Life Meaning Essay

The definition of bearing is very difficult. Although dictionaries and encyclopedias say in general is the intermediate state between birth and decease, I pretend it goes far beyond, is some affaire deeper and we all want to know. By asking this question we faced is as if we ourselves, as research is about something Ive always stand firmd, after such(prenominal) thought and analysis that is look, in my point of view I think is that although many study to define life as commonly defined some other terms, in my position, life is non a thing, but rather as a process.To truly know that life is all we place do is live and this is the only way and how life is lived? Maybe its the question we should ask ourselves, what can say to that is this being alive, flowing, running with her, walking with her. Life is now, is now, life is what is casualty to us, life is non something or someone or somewhere that we have to look, life is a gift that we already have. lama you can feel in you r breathing, your blood circulation in the beating of your heart.What you argon now, thats your life what happened to you, what is to befall and what not, thats your life. While humans try to find different meanings to what life is and try to give the impression deeper, scientific, philosophical or theological response will never be enough to describe the life, and while people look the c at a timept of life be missing what it is, they have forgotten the real and have been replaced by concepts and explanations that my term, to take advantage of anything.We see what is actually already here, we rationalizations. Nobody can give you the meaning of your life. Its your life and you have to give it meaning only you. No one but you can find it. Its your life and only accessible to you. Only by living the mystery will be revealed. Life is not looking at other people or writings or intelligent explanations, these are only justifications that ultimately explain nothing. Life is already bub bling within. Only if you want her there. The temple is on the impertinent, you are his sanctuary.So the first thing we must remember to define ourselves is life is never look outside or try to discover someone. And the second thing to remember is that when you finally discover in yourself that is life, you will find that is death. At the beginning I mentioned that life is a process, well, death is part of that process. Humans ordinarily think that death is the antagonist of life, which is the grand finale, which is the enemy to be feared but in reality it is not, death is not the enemy, and if you consider death as the enemy that just shows you have not been able to know what life is.Although it seems absurd, death and life have many things in common, both have the same cipher is a phenomenon like day and night, as cold and heat, and summer and winter, life and death are rivals, not polar opposites, are not separated and are not contrary, quite the contrary, they are complemen tary. Death is not the end of life is actually a culmination of a life, the summit of life, the climax, the great final stage. And once you know your life and your process, then you apprehend what death is.Death is a part harmony, full of life and is very friendly with her. Without it life can not exist. Death is a renewal process. And death happens every moment. The instant you inhale and exhale the moment, life and death are passing, both are given. By inspiring, life goes upon expiry death comes. So when a child is born the first thing he does is breathe life begins there, however when the old man dies the finishing thing you do is breathe, there is life. The exhale is death, life is inspiring. They are like the two wheels of a cart.Lives that inspire and breathe out, is part of the inhale exhale, you can not breathe if you stop inhaling, the exhaling is part of breathing. You can not breathe if you stop exhaling. You can not live if you stop dying. The man who has understood w hat is your life, let death happen, welcomes you. Dies every minute and every moment to life. LIFE is a process, a process in which the past is dying every moment and born over again and again into the future. If you look at what life is like you know what death is.If you understand what death is, only then will you be able to understand what life is. Life is a gift, a gift of God, and have certain scents that dedicate it magical, like love, like friends or family, life is full of little moments that make your story and each of these moments is good live them with people you love and who love you, life without love is like a box that looks beautiful on the outside but when you open it and find it completely empty with nothing of value, thats love, which gives value to your life.Maybe weve heard many times the phrase living wild for my concept that is the perfect definition, a life without love makes us dead in life. When we say live life, we mean that, to love, that gives meaning to life, to love somebody to love many or love everyone, to love God and to love nature. Life is real is what is in you is what queeres, there are things unreal, superficial exterior such as money,money is something that absorbs life unreal how many times we have not worried about getting money and is scientifically proven that concerns defecate disease and alters the body of people altering the normal functioning of this, while we worry about things more unreal wears more life and go to decent a plant that interest only superficial things, fine work and make money, which is not right that this will become the center of your life and everything in you turn around money.If we look at the birds of the sky and see how they survive only with his life, feed and have the best clothes that anyone ever could have, with all those color in and how they sing every morning, the birds live their lives, not care about anything and are inferior to us. We should take example from them. Finally we can say that life does not have to investigate it or try to define it or worry about understanding it, life must be lived and enjoyed.

Friday, May 24, 2019

Gay Language

Gay language which is sometimes called as gay lingo has achieved a eminent degree of acceptance in these recent years in the Philippines. Both gays and non-gays can be heard uttering gay expressions. Its also spreading wide in our coun test. The propagation of this language and form of communication is unstoppable. But the question is What is the main reason for using this kind of language? This study will try to know about the origin, variables, theories and the effect of this gay lingo in Philippines. We will interrogate battalion who use gay language and know from them the sense of relations with it.Introduction Bakla and Binabae are familiar words in Filipino street-talk. But what about baklush, badaf, baklers? These are just some of confusing words for the average of Filipino speakers. These are terms heard only in the Philippines. Gays have proven themselves in our society and they have exceled in several professions. Though, there are remedy widespread cases of discrimin ation. Looking back, gays are always facing unfair tr feed inment of other people. They have become victims of condemnationin school, office, churches and everywhere and these have been their periodical battlegrounds.Because of this discrimination, it paved way to the creation of a code of communication which only gays could use but because of its daily usage on parlors, comedy bars, sidewalks and other places where gays proliferate, peoples curiosity arose on what these words meant, eventually using it, thus the expansion of gay language. Some examples are tara lafang, Tom Jones na ako. Lafang means eat and Tom Jones means gu-TOM (hungry). The gay language is now in the mainstream of Filipino consciousness and communication. As every day, a new term is added, the vocabulary expands and whitethorn one day grow into a language on its own.

Freedom of speech from the perspective of mass media, to what extend it has been practiced in Malaysia? Essay

IntroductionMass media be squiffys of communications (as immaturespapers, radio, or television) that is designed to reach the mass of the people1. in any(prenominal) case playing the role to in spend a penny soul with news, the media together with a sound legal dodge and an independent judiciary is part of a triumvirate that is essential for a well-functioning democracy2. In a pop system of political relation, mass media is performing a number of essential functions. First, they serve on information or surveillance function.Second, they serve an agenda-setting and interpretation function. Third, they help us to process peeing and maintain connections with various groups in baseball club. Fourth, they help us to socialize and to educate us.Fifth, they persuade us to buy certain items or accept certain ideas. Sixth, they curb us. Freedom is the power or even up to act, speak or think relinquishly. We be now living a media culture and its influence is become truly perv asive. The number of hours we spend on the media is mind-boggling. Although the exemption of the media should non be in toto, yet the degree of the freedom of the media volition affect the function of the media. Citizens of countries that be democratic see media freedom as a right, non a privilege.Nevertheless, thither is no mention of freedom of the pickle or freedom of the electronic media in our personality. However, freedom of media to exercise its role and functions in society has been enshrined as a fundamental human right by style of recognition for the right to freedom of spoken language, expression and opinion.3Pre-independenceIn 1930-1940, there are nearly 80 newspaper and magazines published in the Malay State, such as Utusan Melayu, Saudara, Warta Malaya and Majlis. In Warta Malaya, it published hold that talk about the social and economic problems faced by the Malay. However, it did not ask for the British to be chased out. The newspaper, Majlis, discussed the political issues. Majlis not only brings to the rouse and fights for Malays right, their office became the place for the matterist to meet up and exchange their thoughts.In the newspapers Saudara, there was a column named Persaudaraan Sahabat Pena where the Malay readers exchanged their point of enamour. British was demented on the development of this column and therefore took the step tooverseen those who involved in the said column.In view of the number of worldly concernations that existed during the time and the situation whereby those newspapers are free to discussed whatsoever issues, and the fact that the newspapers has played a vital role in the movement towards independence, we gutter conclude that under the administration of British, the media was enjoying the freedom of speech.The justness on the freedom of speech became clearer during the time prior to independence. Certain law has been introduced to the Malay State. One of the laws which governed the freedom o f speech at that time was the riot put to work 1948. part 4 of the Act makes it an criminal offence to make, prepare, or to conspire, to do a seditions act, to utter seditious words, and to propagate or import both seditious terminations.Section 3 issues that a seditious tendency is wiz which tends to (a) bring hatred or contempt to the establishment or excite disaffection against any Ruler or government, (b) excite the pastoralmen to revolt, (c) bring into hatred or contempt or excites disaffection against administration of justice, (d) raise discontent or disaffection among the countrymen, or (e) promote feelings of ill- go forth and enmity amongst the inhabitants of the country.Besides, there were deuce ordinances specifically visual sense with the printed media at that time, i.e. stamp agitate Act 1948 (Ord 12 of 1948) and Control of Imported exoterications Act 1958 (Ord 14 of 1955). The former deal with the publisher in the Malay State while the later governing the printed material from other country.Those laws were limiting freedom of speech of the media at the British compound the light of the freedom of speech only shine at the colonial since 1956, when an attempt to draft a Federal Constitution started. The recommendations were submitted by Reid heraldic bearing in 1956-1957 Reports. In the report, there were two dissevers provides under the title Fundamental Rights 161. A Federal Constitution defines and guarantees the right of the Federation and the states it is usual and in our opinion right that it should excessively define and guarantee certain fundamental individual right whichare generally regarded as essential conditions for a free and democratic way of life.The rights which are recommend should be defined and guaranteed are all firmly established now throughout Malaysia and it may seen un demand to give them special security measure in the Constitution. But we found in certain quarters vague apprehension about the future. We believe such apprehensions to be unfound, plainly there can be no objection to guaranteeing these rights subject to limited exceptions in conditions of emergency and we recommend that this should be done..162. our recommendations afford means of redress, readily available to any individual, against unlawful infringements of personal liberty in any of its aspects we move on recommend (Art 10) that freedom of speech and expression should be guaranteed to all citizens subject to obstructions in the gratify of security, creation commit or morality or in similarity to incitement, defamation or contempt of court For the Malayan citizen, the objectives of those who framed the Federal Constitution were exactly little affected by the epidemic of human rights in the Western world4.It has been observed that the commissions recommendation on the freedom of speech has been vague, particularly on the importance of the rights. The commission only devoted two paragraphs. The reason why it was so was clear in the paragraph itself. The draft denomination 10 in our Constitution was as follow10 (1) every citizen shall construct the right to freedom of speech and expression, subject to any reasonable restriction imposed by federal law in the interest of the security of the Federation, friendly relations with other countries, public order, or morality, or in relation to contempt of court, defamation, or incitement to any offence.Mr. Justice Abdul Hamid on his note of dissent stated that the word reasonable wherever it occurs before the word restrictions in the three sub-clauses of Article 10 should be omitted. Right to freedom of speech, assembly, and association has been guaranteed subject to restrictions which may be imposed in the interest of security of the country, public order and morality. If the Legislature imposes any restrictions in the interest of the aforesaid matters, considering those restrictions to be reasonable, that legislation should not be challen geable in a court of law on the ground that the restrictions are not reasonable.The Legislature alone should be the judge of what isreasonable under the circumstances. If the word reasonable is allowed to stand, every legislation on this subject will be challengeable in court on the ground that the restrictions imposed by the legislature are not reasonable. This will in many eccentrics give rise to conflict between the views of Legislature and the views of the court on the reasonableness of the restrictions.To avoid a situation like that it is better to make the Legislature the judge of the reasonableness of the restrictions. If this is not done the legislatures of the country will not be sure of the state of the law which they will enact. on that point will always be fear that the court may hold the restrictions imposed by it to be unreasonable. The laws would be lacking in certainty. Later, when the Constitution comes into force, the Article 10 provides that (1) subject to claus e (2)(a) Every citizen has the right to freedom of speech and expression (2) Parliament may by law impose (a) on the rights conferred by paragraph (a) of clause (1), such restrictions as it deems necessary or expedient in the interest of the security of the Federation, friendly relations with other countries, public order or morality and restrictions designed to protect the privileges of Parliament or of any legislative Assembly or to provide against contempt of courts, defamation, or incitement to any offenceThere are one case regarding to press reported prior to independence i.e. Public Prosecutor v. The Straits propagation stir Ltd5 In this case, upon the activity of the Public Prosecutor, the Respondents, who are the proprietors of the Straits Times Press Ltd, were alleged contempt in publishing a report of the trial of Tan Seng Ann of the Straits Times dated 5 August 1948.The report appeared which, it is now admitted, was misleading and in blameless in that it gave the impre ssion, contrary to the facts, that the first step in the proceedings in that case was a voluntary confession by Tan Seng Ann that he was in possession of a fire-arm and that his arrest was make restorely as the result of such voluntary confession in the issue.The Notice of Motion having set out the end points of the letter complained of went on to allege inter alia that the criminal case referred to in the letter was sub judice when the letter was published in that an appeal was pending that the terms of the letter did not constitute a fair or accurate account of the trial nor fair commentthereon and that its issuance tended to prejudice the fair disposal of the proceedings and tended to bring into contempt the administration of justice by that Court.Spenser-Wilkinson J held that I would hesitate to follow too closely the decisions of English Courts on this subject without first considering whether the relevant conditions in England and this country are at all similar.Quite apart from the present emergency in this country, I do not think it could be suggested that the development of the Press, the general standard of precept or the composition of the general public in the two countries are at all comparable and it may, therefore, be necessary to take a stricter view here of matters which pertain to the dignity of the Courts and the impartial administration of justice than would be taken at the present time in England.Newly Independence (1957-1980)At this period, Art 10 Federal Constitution has been amend twice. The first amendment was on 19636 where the words Clause (2) and (3) had been substituted for the words clause (2) of clause (1) with set up from 16 folk 1963.and the words or any part thereof were bring ined to the Art10(2)(a). Further, clause (3) which provides that Restrictions on the right to form a associations conferred by paragraph (c) of clause (1) may also be imposed by any law relating to labour or education. The second amendment was made on 19717 after considering the trouble of May 1969.This time, Clause (4) was added with effect from 10 March 1971. Article 10(4) provides that Parliament may pass laws prohibiting the headwaying of four sensitive matters right to citizenship under Part III of the Constitution posture of the Malay language position and privileges of the Malays and the native of Sabah and Sarawak and prerogatives of the Malay Sultans and the Ruling Chiefs of Negeri Sembilan. The constitutional changes enable Parliament to amend the Sedition Act of 1948 in order to add a new definition of seditious tendency8. The amended sections were Section 3 (1) A seditious tendency is a tendency(f) To question any matter, right, status, position, privilege, sovereignty or prerogative established or protected by the provisions of Part III of the Federal Constitution or Article 152, 153 or 181 of the Federal ConstitutionSection 2seditious when applied to or used in respect of any act, speech, words, publication or other liaison qualifies the act, speech, words, publication or other thing as one having a seditious tendency Official Secrets Act 1972 is a new law that be introduced at that time. This is the most important statute on government secrecy. The gist of the law is that official secrets cannot be received, retained, released or used without prior authorization.9 The Act is drafted in the widest possible terms and is not limited in its operation to spies, saboteurs, traitors and mercenaries.The term official secret is not defined in the Act. The courts have given the term the broadest possible definition, and on the generally accepted construction any communication pertaining to the Executive would constitute an offence.10 The right to free speech can be further eclipsed by the special provisions of Art 149 and 150 relating to subversion and emergency. Art 149 authorises legislative action designed to stop or prevent subversion, organized military group and crimes prejudicial to the public. Art 150 permits any legislative action call for by reason of emergency.The grounds enumerated above permitting curtailment of free speech are so broad and comprehensive that in 49 years no Act of parliament even been found by the courts to have violated the Constitution. Besides printed media, television was introduced in Malaysia in 1963. The television was under the control of the Department of Broadcasting (RTM). What is apparent is that television and to a greater extent generally broadcasting in Malaysia was form its inception closely aligned to the government. Both the RTM channel were established via decisions made by the then Alliance coalition government.Because of the circumstances at that time, there was no any specifics rule to govern the broadcasting. One of the cases that being heard at that time was Melan bin Abdullah v Public Prosecutor.11 The fact of the case was that On 6 April 1971 the Utusan Melaya newspaper published a report of a talk given by given by Inche Musa Hitam, a prominent Malay leader and member of Parliament, at the National Education Congress held in the Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Kuala Lumpur..In the report was an editorial sub-heading, which in the English translation reads Abolish Tamil or Chinese medium schools in this country. The first appellant was the editor-in-chief of the Utusan Melayu,and the second appellant the author of the sub-heading inserted in the report. Sanction for their prosecution was given under s 5(1) of the Sedition Act 1948, and they were tried in due course in the special sessions court on a charge of publishing a seditious publication in contravention of s 4(1)(C) of the Sedition Act, punishable under the same section.The learned special president held the publication to be seditious, that the first appellant was responsible for all publication in the Utusan Melayu, that the second appellant was the author of the impugned subheading, and that consequently they were both guilty. They were convicted and fined the sum of $500 and $1,000 respectively, in default one month and two months imprisonment, both appellant appealed.CJ Ong, on hearing of the appeal accepted the first appellant evidence that he had organised seminars and discussions, relating in particular to the sensitive issues and had instructed his ply on the relevant law as he understood it. He had sponsored a talk to journalists given on this subject in February 1971 by the lawyer General as well as the Solicitor-General. Therefore, the first respondent appeal was allowed. But the court dismissed the second respondent appeal.Another case is Public Prosecutor v Straits Times (Malaya) Bhd.12 The Public Prosecutor applied in this case for leave to issue a writ or writs of fixing for contempt of court on the respondents for publication of articles in The Straits Times. The grounds upon which relief was sought was that the publications of the said articles contain matters which are tendentious and constitute c ontempt of court, because they are prejudicing and embarrassing the applicant in the exercise of his statutory functions and also prejudicing a fair trial concerning the circumstances of the death of one Robert Lee.Abdul Hamid J held that I do not think that it is reasonable to construe these words as having any special meaning. There is no dispute that the reports do reveal that there had been an assault, a commotion and firing of a shot and that allegedly, a police officer was involved. But these facts are not challenged. As regards the previous episode encountered by Robert Lee there is nothing to show that this was not true.Further it is not uncommon for newspapers to publish matters concerning scholastic achievement of and other good deeds rendered by a person on his death particularly ifthe dead person enjoys a certain standing in the community or he is in one way or another related to any prominent personality. For that reason it is unreasonable to isolate certain passages fr om the reports and construe them unfavourably or to allot improper motive on the publisher.What may appear to be an embarrassment or prejudicial if that part is read in isolation may not be so if the reports are read as a whole taking into account the circumstances surrounding such publication particularly if it relates to a matter which will promote public sensation or a matter of unusual occurrence. The application was therefore dismissed.Malaysia under Tun Dr. Mahathir (1981-2002)Over this period, more laws are introduced and come into force to govern the media. In 1984, Printing Presses and Publications Act came into force on the 1st of September 1984 as a consolidating Act, and in turn repealed the Printing Presses Act 1948 and the Control of Imported Publications Act 1958. The Act is designed to regulate the use of printing, presses and the printing, importation, production, reproduction, publishing and distribution of publications and for matters connected there with.Through such control, the government uses it power to determine what it is the public has a right to know, or exactly what form freedom of speech should take13. This is an Act designed clearly to ensure that the press does not get out of line, imposes both a system of licensing and censorship14. Section 3 of the Act makes it mandatory to obtain a license to own a printing press. The pastor has sheer(a) discretion on giving, refusing, and revoking a license15. Further, judicial review of the Ministers discretion is not allowed16 and the Minister is not required to give the parties a prior hearing17. The period of the license is 12 months or shorter period as minister specifies18. This means that all publishers in this country must suffer the pangs of uncertainty about whether their permit will be renewed for the following year. There is less control of what may be compose in foreign publications, controls have been exercised through deliberate delay in distribution and almosttimes outr ight ban on their sale where officials deemed reports to be stinking or inaccurate19. In 1988, another law governing the media came into force on 1st August i.e.The Broadcasting Act 1988. The preamble to the Act states An act to provide for the control ofbroadcasting services and for matters connected therewith. The Act is both stringent and inflexible. It bestows enormous powers on the government to determine the type of television made available to the Malaysian public. In the midst of the supposed deregulation of broadcasting, the Act now gives the Minister of teaching virtually total powers to determine who will and who will not broadcast and the nature of the broadcast material. Under the Act, any potential broadcaster would need to apply for a licence from the minister beforehand. Later, the Act was amended on October 1996.By the amendment, this already-stringent piece of legislation were aimed at taking into account the introduction of new services, such as cable and satell ite television, satellite radio, earnings TV and video-on demand. Due to the drastic development in the electronic media, the Legislature has to repeal the old Telecommunication Act 1950 and the Broadcasting Act 1988 and introduced a new law which is the talks and Multimedia Act 1998.The Acts breakthrough was to bring together the previously disparate industries of broadcasting, telecommunications and internet services combined under legislation and more importantly, one regulator the Communications and Multimedia commission.20 The Communication and Multimedia Act brings to the creation of Communication and Multimedia Commission Act 1998. the Communication and Multimedia Commission performing several functions including advising the Minister all matters concerning the national policy objectives for communication and multimedia activities and implementing and enforcing the provisions of the communications and multimedia law.Interestingly, Information Malaysia 1980-81 and Informatio n Malaysia 1985 revealed that between 1981 and 1985 alone, the number of titles of local newspapers, magazines, and journals in circulation increased from 56 to 10221. However, the increase in number cannot be the proof supporting the allegation that during that time, the media was enjoying freedom of speech.There are some facts that we should not forget. In 1987, during the Operasi Lalang, a number of newspapers were closed by the government22. Later, Harakah being categorizes as publications of political parties meant for party members and there is law forbids the publication being openly sold to the public.Besides, Barisan Nasional owned and controlled major Malaysian media organization. Further, prior to Dato Seri Anwars sacking, expulsion, and detention, the editor of Utusan Malaysia and Berita Harian, and thedirector of operations of TV3 were forced to resign because they were allied to Anwar. In 1990, there was a case of Aliran Kesedaran23 In this case, the respondents had ap plied for a permit under s 6(1) of the Printing Presses and Publications Act 1984 to print and publish in Bahasa Malaysia a magazine under the name and style of Seruan Aliran.The application was refused by the Minister of Home Affairs. The respondents applied for an order of certiorari to remove into the High Court for the office of quashing the decision of the Minister and for an order of mandamus directing the Minister to hear and determine the application for the permit according to law. The High Court made an order quashing the decision of the Minister and ordered that the Minister shall hear and determine according to law the application for the permit. The appellant appealed.The court allowing the appeal and held that Section 12(2) of the Printing Presses and Publications Act 1984 gives the Minister of Home Affairs absolute discretion to refuse an application for a license or permit. So unless it can be clearly established that the Minister for Home Affairs had in any way exe rcised his discretion wrongfully, unfairly, dishonestly or in bad faith, the High Court cannot question the discretion of the Minister.One of the significant cases during this period was the case of Irene Fernandez. The facts were that in 1995, Tenaganita released a report documenting beatings, sexual violence against detainees by prison guards, and inadequate food and water in Malaysias immigration detention camp. Irene Fernandez was arrested and charged with malicious publication of false news under the Printing Presses and Publications Act. Magistrate Juliana Mohamed found Irene guilty and was sentence to one year imprison. trustworthy Situation (2003-2006)Between these periods of time, there is no any new law designed to control the media. However, recently, Government has released the Media Council Bill (2006) which seeks to ameliorate some of the worst excess of the Printing Presses and Publications Act in regard to the local media.On page 4 of the Bill, it was stated An Act t o establish the Malaysian Press Council for the purpose of preserving, promoting and protecting the freedom of the Press, of maintaining and improving the ethical and professional journalistic standards of newspapers, press publications and news/pressagencies in Malaysia.Nevertheless, there is fear in public that this piece of legislation will create another unnecessary public body with wide powers to curb press freedom despite its apparent trade to uphold that right. It dexterity also act as a censorship board, only dealing with complaints against the press organisations and journalists and not against denial of freedom of expression by other entities such as ministers or organisations whose actions effectively suppress the right of freedom of expression.Besides, bear in mind that all the laws governing the media before this are still firmly in place and the main stream media also continue to be owned by interests directly or indirectly fastened to the main component parties of the BN, especially UMNO and MCA.Some incidents happened during this time of period, showing to us that despite of the changes of the head of the Government, the media are not freer compared to the years before. The government shut drink the Sarawak tribune for the editors made a mistake of reprinting caricatures of Prophet Muhammad following Muslim protests of a Danish paper that first published them.Another incident was that the Minister of Information, Datuk Zainuddin had sought the sacking of top NST editor at a meeting of UMNOs information bureau because he was unhappy with the way the NST had played up certain issues such as the religious rights of minorities and the governments policy on bumiputras.24 The government also delays in reviewing the publishing permit of the Oriental passing(a) and censor certain news that the government were not comfortable with.Moreover, the debate on Ninth Malaysia Plan was given wide publicity in the media, but it was the official view and rat ionale for the Plan that enjoyed one-sided coverage. The leader of the opposition who spoke foe six hours on the Plan did not get any substantive coverage.25 Another issue was that Tun Dr. Mahathir had called a press conference to express his deep disappointment after Datuk Seri Abdullah dismissed the crooked bridge project. However, the mainstream media hardly cover it.ConclusionsThe freedom of the media has seen become more restrictive from the time prior to independence until now. At the early day, the British Colonial has a freer media compare to the media after independence. This might be because of the British regarded the individual freedom as up most important. When came to the early day after independence, the laws being designed were more restricted. However, this was understandable as the situation at that time, where Malaysia was in an Emergency.Unmindful speech might cause riot to the nation. Therefore, the government had to take step to prevent this. In 1970-1985, ther e was more cases on freedom of speech, after the stand of the courts are clear in these issues, there was lesser cases.During the time frame from 1981 to 2002, many laws were designed and many breathing laws were amended. Tun Dr. Mahathir tried to justify this by saying that the truth is that there is no absolute press freedom anywhere in the world, be it in a liberal democratic country or in countries governed by dictators.26 He further claimed that journalists and foreigners read a few newspapers which support the government and straight concluded that there is no press freedom in Malaysia.This was in conjunction with his view points that Malaysian newspapers are free. But this freedom does not mean freedom to criticize the government alone. It also means freedom to support the government.27Further in Tun Dr. Mahathir speech at the national union of Journalists dinner on 15th June 1990, he stated that According to an old English proverb, power corrupt and absolute power tends t o corrupt absolutely. If there are restrictions on press freedom, especially pertaining to reports on violence, sex and obscenity, then they are imposed because no one should be given absolute power. This is to prevent the possibility of absolute corruption. This constraint no way suggests there is no press freedom in Malaysia. Government leaders in this country have no absolute power.The people can change the government while the courts can reverse government decisions. Therefore, newspapers in Malaysia must accept these restrictions. This is done in the national interest and not aimed at destroying pressfreedom. It is true that freedom of the media has to be limited but over limiting will only result to a closed society.Looking at the current situation, many are thinking that the new government would promote media freedom in view of the government transparency policy. However, one should bear in mind that since Datuk Seri Abdullah took over the government until today, it was only three years passed. It is unfair to judge him at this moment. Whether or not there is free media under Datuk Seri Abdullah, we shall wait and see.Comparing to our nearest neighbor, Singapore, media in Malaysia enjoy more freedom. Singapore as a police state, the press is mobilized to apologise and support the policies of the Singapore government, as an aid to development rather than assuming a counter-checking posture.In Chee Siok Chin case28, the Singapore court held that it bears emphasis that the phrase necessary or expedient confers on Parliament an extremely wide discretionary power and remit that permits a multifarious and multifaceted approach towards achieving any of the purposes undertake in Art 14(2) of the constitution. In contrast to the Indian Constitution, there can be no questioning of whether the Legislations are reasonable. The courts sole task, when a constitutional challenge is advanced, is to ascertain whether an impugned law is within the purview of any of the permissible restrictions.As for electronic media, the media Corporation of Singapore, an evolution from a serial publication of government owned broadcast Corporations, dominances the broadcasting media. The PAP government guards the broadcast turf with rigour, grudgingly allowing foreigner broadcasters to operate for commercial and public relations reasons but legislating them off local politics.Today, Malaysian society has an economic level of existence which provides for basic needs, health facilities, adequate housing and equal opportunities to education. Therefore, there is no reason why freedom of speech and free media should be restricted. Values of freedom of expression, exposure tocritical thinking and the importance of a civil society should be emphasizes. After 49 years of independence, Malaysian should not only concern with earning a livelihood and basic quality of life issues. Society shall have desire to acquire knowledge especially in social concerns such as freedom of speech.Bibliography1. A Case of the Media Freedom Report of the SUHAKAM, Workshop on Freedom of the Media at Kuala Lumpur, Aug. 1, 2002. (Kuala Lumpur Suruhanjaya Hak Asasi Manusia Malaysia, 2003). 2. 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